The interdependence between the economy and politics is particularly visible during economic crises. The subject of research is the impact of the economic crisis in Spain after 2008 on its political system. And the main aim is to answer the question: what factor had the most important impact on the functioning of the state’s political system. Authors assume that it was the amendment of the Art. 135 of the state constitution. The theoretical framework of the study is the output on the relationship between the economy and politics. The empirical research was based on the analysis of changes in the economic situation in Spain after 2008, and on the analysis of the evolution of the Spanish political system. Obtained results may be useful in the context of the impact of changes in the economic situation caused by the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and the war in Ukraine.

The evolution of the North Korean economic system

For decades, the North Korean economy has been considered one of the most closed, autarkic and centralized economies in the world. Although this situation began to change in the early 21st century, the economic situation is full of uncertainty and speculation. In this context, it is worth asking how economic changes are taking place and how the North Korean economic system is changing. The main goal of the article is to present the evolution of the North Korean economic system since the establishment of the DPRK and capturing specific features of adopted system. The work consists of four parts: the first one shows some remarks on the East Asian economic model, which constitutes the basis for the analysis of the North Korean model. The second part presents the functioning of the socialism system in the DPRK, while the third focuses on changes in the system after the fall of the Eastern Bloc until the death of Kim Jong-il. The last part is devoted to Kim Jong-un’s economic reforms and tries to show the current economic system of North Korea. The work ends with a conclusion summing up conducted considerations. The article uses various research methods, including primarily literature analysis, historical analysis, analysis of existing data and comparative analysis.