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Punktacja czasopism naukowych Wydawnictwa Adam Marszałek według wykazu czasopism naukowych i recenzowanych materiałów z konferencji międzynarodowych, ogłoszonego przez Ministra Edukacji i Nauki 17 lipca 2023 r.

Scoring of scientific journals of Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek according to the list of scientific journals and reviewed materials from international conferences, announced by the Minister of Education and Science on July 17, 2023.


  • Athenaeum. Polskie Studia Politologiczne – 100 pts
  • Edukacja Międzykulturowa – 100 pts
  • Historia Slavorum Occidentis – 100 pts
  • Polish Political Science Yearbook – 100 pts
  • Przegląd Prawa Konstytucyjnego – 100 pts
  • The New Educational Review – 100 pts
  • Art of the Orient – 70 pts
  • Italica Wratislaviensia – 70 pts
  • Nowa Polityka Wschodnia – 70 pts
  • Polish Biographical Studies – 70 pts
  • Azja-Pacyfik - 40 pts
  • Krakowskie Studia Małopolskie – 40 pts
  • Kultura i Edukacja – 40 pts
  • Reality of Politics - 40 pts
  • Studia Orientalne – 40 pts
  • Sztuka Ameryki Łacińskiej – 40 pts
  • Annales Collegii Nobilium Opolienses – 20 pts
  • Cywilizacja i Polityka – 20 pts
  • Defence Science Review - 20 pts
  • Pomiędzy. Polsko-Ukraińskie Studia Interdyscyplinarne – 20 pts
  • African Journal of Economics, Politics and Social Studies - 0 pts
  • Copernicus Political and Legal Studies - 0 pts
  • Copernicus. Czasy Nowożytne i Współczesne - 0 pts
  • Copernicus. De Musica - 0 pts
  • Viae Educationis. Studies of Education and Didactics - 0 pts

Journals

New journals

Co-published journals

Past journals

Coloquia Communia

Coloquia Communia

Paedagogia Christiana

Paedagogia Christiana

The Copernicus Journal of Political Studies

The Copernicus Journal of Political Studies

The Peculiarity of Man

The Peculiarity of Man

Czasopisma Marszalek.com.pl

Organizacja wyborów w państwach hiszpańskojęzycznych – wybrane zagadnienia

  • Author: Anna Rakowska-Trela
  • Institution: Uniwersytet Łódzki
  • Year of publication: 2017
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 69-84
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/ppk.2017.05.05
  • PDF: ppk/39/ppk3905.pdf

Organization of elections in Spanish-speaking countries – selected issues

Elections and its organization is a very important issue in democratic countries. Legislative shall look for interesting models in other countries. In Spanish and South American laws we can find some inspiring solutions in the fields like: electoral administration, external voting, electoral campaign, the day of general election, counting of votes. For sure those solutions take into consideration the peculiarity of particular countries, but can be a good inspiration for Polish legislative.

Instytucja recall na Łotwie

  • Author: Andrzej Jackiewicz
  • Institution: Uniwersytet w Białymstoku
  • Year of publication: 2018
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 69-82
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/ppk.2018.02.04
  • PDF: ppk/42/ppk4204.pdf

The Institution of Recall in Latvia

The recall mechanism, like other forms of direct democracy, has raised a growing interest. In the last century, a number of states have used it, both on the central level and,especially, on the regional and local level. The group of such countries was joined in 2008 by Latvia which introduced into its legal system a unique, on the world scale, form of recall. In the article, the author defines the recall mechanism, presents countries where the mechanism exists, and classifies the types of recall. Then the author presents the proces of constitutionalization of recall in Latvia and the current constitutional and statutory provisions pertaining to that institution. Also, an attempt has been made to evaluate the potential of this institution in Latvia’s system of government.

Instytucja odwołalności przedstawicieli przez wyborców w Republice Białoruś

  • Author: Grzegorz Kryszeń
  • Institution: Uniwersytet w Białymstoku
  • Year of publication: 2018
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 83-96
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/ppk.2018.02.05
  • PDF: ppk/42/ppk4205.pdf

Institution of Revocation of Representatives by Voters in the Republic of Belarus

The Constitution of the Republic of Belarus of March 15, 1994, defining the status of members of the parliament and deputies of the local councils of deputies, referred to the canons of constitutional regulation of the status of a representative in former socialist countries, and above all: the concept of an imperative mandate and the institution of recalling voters by the voters. The aim of this study is first and foremost a comprehensive presentation of Belarusian legal regulations pertaining to the said institution, the conditions for its application, the principles of the appeal process as well as its legal consequences. Discussion of this issue is preceded by a characteristic of the assumed role of the recall of representatives in the doctrinal and legal model of representation adopted in Belarus.

Odpowiedzialność funkcjonariuszy Policji i innych współczesnych formacji za pełnienie służby w organach bezpieczeństwa PRL – aspekty konstytucyjne

  • Author: Marcin Dąbrowski
  • Institution: Uniwersytet Warmińsko-Mazurski
  • Year of publication: 2018
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 121-144
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/ppk.2018.02.07
  • PDF: ppk/42/ppk4207.pdf

Liability of Police Officers and Other Contemporary Formations for Participation in the Secret Service of the Polish People’s Republic – Constitutional Aspects

The article concerns on a problem of social security and analyzes issue of the change of provisions which regulate pensions of officers of communistic security services, who served their duties after the communistic system collapsed in the Republic of Poland (after the year 1990). The amendment of statutory law has seriously reduced the amount of pensions of indicated above officers. Firstly the author of the essay criticizes the statutory definition (temporal limits) of the totalitarianism, which took place in Poland after the Second World War. It is found that provisions wrongly indicates that communistic totalitarianism ended in 1990, while historians officially claim that it had taken place in 1956. In the second part of the article the author argues that statutory changes seriously violate the provisions of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland of 1997. New, actually binding provisions are unfair, demoralizing and discriminate persons who legally preformed duties in security formations after the year 1990.

Media a demokracja w Polsce

  • Author: Halina Zięba-Załucka
  • Institution: Uniwersytet Rzeszowski
  • Year of publication: 2018
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 59-76
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/ppk.2018.03.02
  • PDF: ppk/43/ppk4302.pdf

Media and democracy in Poland

Nowadays, it is more and more often that the decisions of individuals are shaped by the media, and for the permanent dialogue of power and citizens it becomes necessary to apply new information and telecommunications techniques, including the Internet. For a society to be fully called civil society: citizens should be well informed, should be interested in politics, should have equal rights of expression and participation in decision making, all decisions should be subject to public debate. At first glance, it can be seen that virtually none of the points is implemented in practice, but rather are marginalized. And the media has become the leading discussion forum on public and state issues. The author reflects on the influence of democracy and mass media on the course of the election campaign and on the image of the candidate in the election. The media are also presented as so-called the fourth authority (after three forms of power: executive, legislative and judiciary), which controls other authorities and informs the public about possible failures. The role of the fourth power assigned to them seems to be insufficient for the media, more and more often we observe many cases in which the media interfere in the constitutional order. The author notes that it often happens that mass media activities do not serve the good of society and the democratic system. So instead of favorably influencing the development of democracy and social awareness, they limit and deform it.

Wolności i prawa związkowe w Konstytucji z dnia 2 kwietnia 1997 r.

  • Author: Daniel Wojtczak
  • Institution: Uniwersytet Śląski w Katowicach
  • Year of publication: 2016
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 127-145
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/ppk.2016.01.06
  • PDF: ppk/29/ppk2906.pdf

Trade Union Rights and Freedoms in the Constitution of April 2, 1997

The subject of this article is the analysis of the provisions made in the Constitution of April 2, 1997 on the freedoms and rights of trade unions in Poland. The constitutional concept of the freedom of association involves the freedom of forming trade unions and employers’ associations, the right to negotiate and finalise collective agreements, the right of collective bargaining, as well as the right to organize and participate in strikes and other forms of protest. These regulations assume not only the reduction of state interference in the formation and activity of trade unions, but it ensures the provision of appropriate legislative regulations, which grant trade unions adequate powers to allow for efficient action in the social and economic settings. In the author’s opinion, the provisions of the Constitution of April 2, 1997 offer a comprehensive protection of trade union rights and freedoms and the legislation is in accordance with international legal standards in this area.

 

Zasada świeckości państwa w Konstytucji i orzecznictwie Trybunału Konstytucyjnego Republiki Włoskiej

  • Author: Piotr Lewandowski
  • Institution: Uniwersytet Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
  • Year of publication: 2016
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 53-68
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/ppk.2016.04.04
  • PDF: ppk/32/ppk3204.pdf

The principle of the secular nature of the state in the Constitution and the case-law of the Constitutional Court of Italy

The article presents the constitutional principle of the secular nature of the state in the light of selected decisions issued by the Constitutional Court of Italy. Although the Constitution does not specify the said principle, its contents follow from the constitutional law decisions and doctrine. Despite the scope of the issue having been determined over the past few decades, it is continually subject to incessant transformation due to the ever-changing political conditions of the Italian state. The Italian model of secularism designates the legal system of the state and public administration institutions. It also guarantees constitutional equality and freedom and adopts a favourable attitude as far as religious issues are concerned. Also of significance here are conflicts of interests arising from the secular nature of the state. They are often the cause of heated debates and lead to undermining the social and political equilibrium.

Status prawny mniejszości narodowych i etnicznych w Republice Czeskiej

  • Author: Krystian Żelazny
  • Institution: Uniwersytet Śląski w Katowicach
  • Year of publication: 2016
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 145-170
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/ppk.2016.04.09
  • PDF: ppk/32/ppk3209.pdf

Legal status of National and Ethnic Minorities in the Czech Republic

The proper regulation of the legal status of national and ethnic minorities in the former Communist Block countries still remains a serious problem. In comparison to other countries of this block, the Czech Republic stands out. Its constitutional protection of national and ethnic minorities is currently guaranteed by the regulation included in: the constitution from December 16 1992, the Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms, the act regarding the rights of national minorities of 2001, the anti-discrimination act of 2009 and the ratified international agreements. The purpose of this elaboration is to present the legal situation of the national and ethnic minorities in Czech Republic by specifying the assumptions of country’s politics towards the minorities, discuss their granted rights and legal instruments essential for its protection. This precedes the extensive historical sketch showing the position of the national minorities within the Czech Republic between 1918 and 1992, which Czech Republic is a legal and axiological continuator.

Rozumienie prawa dostępu do informacji publicznej na gruncie Konstytucji Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej

  • Author: Joanna Knapińska
  • Institution: Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski
  • Year of publication: 2016
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 191-205
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/ppk.2016.04.11
  • PDF: ppk/32/ppk3211.pdf

Understanding the right of access to public information on the grounds of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland

The access to public information creates a constitutional right for the citizens, but at the same time it creates the duty for the public authorities to allow its realisation to the greatest extent. The Polish Constitution involves legal norms which meet these requirements, however, doubts arise as to their interpretation. Therefore, the main aim of this paper is to identify these doubts and to aim at their reasonable interpretation, which at the same time would be parallel to the will of the legislator of the constitutional system.

Bezpośrednie stosowanie art. 45 ust. 1 Konstytucji Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej

  • Author: Anna Chmielarz-Grochal
  • Institution: Uniwersytet Łódzki
  • Year of publication: 2016
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 67-101
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/ppk.2016.03.04
  • PDF: ppk/31/ppk3104.pdf

Direct application of Article 45 paragraph 1 of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland

The problem of direct application of constitutional regulation is related to the role of the Constitution as a legal act in the legal system and the practice of its application. Article 45.1 of the Constitution is applied both by the Constitutional Tribunal and courts. In constitutional proceedings the Article is considered to be a standalone benchmark for establishing if the regulation is in accordance with the Constitution, whereas courts usually apply it jointly with given acts, interpreting them in such a way that leads to be within the Constitution. Direct application of Article 45.1 of the Constitution results in transmission of rules and requirements related to constitutional right to judgement (including a constitutional case) and ensuant guarantees to judicature.

Statehood Without the State: The Politico-Legal Visions of the Future State of Tibet

  • Author: Marcin Lisiecki
  • Institution: Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń
  • Year of publication: 2018
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 31-46
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/athena.2018.59.03
  • PDF: apsp/59/apsp5903.pdf

The main purpose of this article is to analyze the situation of modern Tibet, which political and legal structures are divided into the Central Tibetan Administration in India and the Tibet Autonomous Region in China. What connects them is a developing national identity of the Tibetans and the actions taken by the Central Tibetan Administration to create a new and independent state. Of great importance for the specificity of politics and the shaping of Tibetan national identity are also activities of the 14th Dalai Lama, who internationally promotes Tibetan culture and informs about the situation of Tibetans living in the Tibet Autonomous Region in China.
Dalai Lama is also the author of the draft constitution of the future state of Tibet, which content is a basis of the analysis in this article. Due to the comprehensive presentation and explanation of the specifics of this project, we will analyze not only particular articles, but also the introduction that we can consider as preamble. Thanks to this, it will be possible to show the relationship between political, legal and religious issues that make up the visions of the new state of Tibet.
This article is divided into two related parts. The first one is connected with national identity and independence of Tibet. The second part is focused on democratization of Tibet and relation between religion and politics.

Mała Konstytucja z dnia 19 lutego 1947 r. – geneza i znaczenie

  • Author: Wiesław Skrzydło
  • Institution: Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej w Lublinie
  • Author: Wojciech Zakrzewski
  • Institution: Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej w Lublinie
  • Year of publication: 2012
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 13-30
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/ppk.2012.03.01
  • PDF: ppk/11/ppk1101.pdf

The Small Constitution of 1947 – its origin and value

The paper discusses the patterns and some details of the Constitutional Act of 19th February 1947 on the system and scope of activity of the supreme organs of the Republic of Poland, which is also called the Small Constitution of 1947. The Small Constitution being a 65 year – old law is still under the historians and constitutional law scholars scrutiny and appraisal. In the light of certain studies it seems that this Act, previously read as an attempt to combine traditional democratic principles with the newly adopted communist rules of government, was more facade and a pretense than a true democratic device. It adopted the separation of powers principle and parliamentary rule (the parliamentary cabinet model). Despite the fact that the Small Constitution incorporated many provisions directly from the March Constitution of 1921, the scope of their legal and practical modification led to their distortion. The position and competences of the Legislative Sejm, the President, and the newly established Council of State were inconsistent with the separation of powers and the parliamentary system of government, as well. The detailed responsibilities of the Sejm, Council of State, the President opened the way to adoption of Soviet Union model of government. Thus, the role of the Small Constitution was to legitimize a communist authority and not to limit its powers. The same is true when we focus on the citizens rights and freedoms. The Declaration of realization of citizen rights and freedoms of February 22nd 1947 did not create the legal standards and guaranties of individual freedoms and rights. On the contrary, the constitutional status of individual was the result of current legislation. Under the rule of the Small Constitution, because of its temporary and incomplete nature, the “new authority” paved the way to enactment of the Constitution of 1952 modeled after the Stalin constitution.

Prawna ochrona dóbr kultury – problemy terminologiczne

  • Author: Izabela Bernatek-Zaguła
  • Institution: Państwowa Wyższa Szkoła Zawodowa w Legnicy
  • Year of publication: 2012
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 135-150
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/ppk.2012.04.07
  • PDF: ppk/12/ppk1207.pdf

Legal Protection of Cultural Assets – Terminological Problems

In article the author occupies herself with the issue of the lack of any uniform or precise terminology in the normative regulation in a such specific domain as the legal protection of the cultural goods. By creating the protection mechanisms for the widely defined cultural goods in the Constitution and the other legal acts the lawmaker used several different terms to define similar fields of legal norms’ usage. The research based on the Constitution and located on the ground of the law that specifies preservation and caretaking of historic monuments enabled the author to perceive some fallacies, that can even be called shortages, in the same field, as the polish law is considered as well as its relation to the international law. In the first part of the article the author presents terminology that is being used in the sphere of the legal protection of cultural goods in the international law. Afterwards she considers the terminology used for defining the same field in the Polish Constitution. In the next part of her thesis she introduces the terminology employed on the ground of polish law pointing out that the legislator uses numerous legal terms for the same field. This leads her to the conclusion about the lack of terminological discipline showed by the legislator, which effects, as she sees it, in the attenuation of the legal protection and even in developing of the legal gap.

Wstęp do Konstytucji Węgier ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem „Narodowego wyznania wiary”

  • Author: Stefánia Bódi
  • Institution: Uniwersytet Służb Publiczych, Budapeszt
  • Year of publication: 2018
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 225-234
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/ppk.2018.05.13
  • PDF: ppk/45/ppk4513.pdf

The Introduction the Fundamental Law of Hungary Special Focus on the National avowal

The Fundamental Law of Hungary came into force on 1st January 2012. In its mentality it is a conservative, christian constitution having National avowal for the first time. From the six parts of the Fundamental Law of Hungary the title of the first one is the National avowal, the regulations involved can be regarded as an avowal, the self-definition of the state. In the structural and content renewal of the Fundamental Law of Hungary several positive statements can be read compared to the previous ones.

Pozycja ustrojowa prezydenta Republiki Czeskiej w świetle najnowszych poprawek do Konstytucji z dnia 8 lutego 2012 r.

  • Author: Krystian Żelazny
  • Institution: Uniwersytet Śląski w Katowicach
  • Year of publication: 2014
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 117-130
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/ppk.2014.04.06
  • PDF: ppk/20/ppk2006.pdf

The political position of President of the Czech Republic in view  of recent amendments to the Constitution of 8 February 2012

The subject of the article below is the appearance of Czech Republic President’s political position under the newest amendments to the Constitution from February 8, 2012. At the beginning, reasons for the Constitution to be corrected were pointed out, which among all, had a political background. Later, the article focused on the presentation of detailed analysis of each change. With the historical support, a comparison was made between the current basic law and its previous version, as well as the comparison between the traditions of Czech and Czechoslovakian constitutionalism. The most important change was the introduction, common for the presidential or semi-presidential system method of choosing the head of the state in common elections, which occurred by limiting president’s prerogatives and normalization of the range of president’s responsibilities, stepping out of the rules of law and the constitutional irresponsibility of the head of the state.

Konstytucja helwecka (1798) – pierwsza konstytucja Szwajcarii

  • Author: Tadeusz Branecki
  • Institution: Wyższa Szkoła Stosunków Międzynarodowych i Komunikacji Społecznej w Chełmie
  • Year of publication: 2014
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 57-71
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/ppk.2014.05.03
  • PDF: ppk/21/ppk2103.pdf

Helvetica Constitution (1798) – the first constitution of Switzerland

The constitution of the Helvetic Republic of 1798 was the first act of constitutional rank in the history of the State. Developed by the Swiss, foreign institutional solutions separate Swiss tradition contained and to the resistance of the cantons has been imposed by force under the pressure of the French troops. For 5 years of duration, based on her settlement had taken place political experiment where a total rupture with the centuries-old model of Confederation of cantons to the State of a „One and indivisible”. The Constitution also created the first legislative authority of the Republic (the Senate and the Great Council), the Executive – Directorate and Judicial power – the Supreme Court. In addition, a set of freedoms and civil liberties.

Ewolucja systemu politycznego w Chorwacji 1990-2010. Próba bilansu

  • Author: Krzysztof Krysieniel
  • Institution: Wyższa Szkoła Bankowa w Poznaniu
  • Year of publication: 2010
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 241-260
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/ppk.2010.2-3.11
  • PDF: ppk/02-03/ppk2-311.pdf

The evolution of the political system of Croatia between 1990 and 2010

The evolution of the political system of Croatia has begun over two decades ago from the victory of the opposition in the first free and democratic election that took place in 1990. The New republican government, working at the beginning in the realities of sunken in crisis socialist Yugoslavia, began social and political changes that led to adopting in December of 1990 constitution and announcing independence. A wide range of president’s competences and the authoritative inclination of F. Tuđman, the “father” of independence movement and leader of the biggest Croatian party, had negative influence on the process of democratization. The state of war that lasted for few years and the lack of control of government in Zagreb over the whole territory of Croatia just added to this process. Only after the first president had died, did the double transformation begun (2000–2001) – the semi presidential system was changed into a cabinet-parliamentary system. At the same time the process of real democratization has started, the government started to fight with the irregularities that remained after the “Tuđman’s decade”. The constitutional changes adopted in 2010, which will allow Croatia to enter the EU structures, are the summary to the evolution of the political system and a specific manifestation of pro-European political moods.

Retroaktywność dekretu o stanie wojennym w świetle Konstytucji z 1952 i 1997 r.

  • Author: Bogumiła Lubera
  • Institution: Uniwersytet Śląski w Katowicach
  • Author: Agnieszka Sikorska
  • Institution: Uniwersytet Śląski w Katowicach
  • Year of publication: 2010
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 125-142
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/ppk.2010.04.06
  • PDF: ppk/04/ppk406.pdf

Retroactivity of martial law decree in light of the Constitution of 1952  and 1997

This article refers to the issues of retroactivity of martial law decree in the light of the Constitution of 1952 and 1997. The starting point of considerations is to identify the legitimacy of the principle of lex retro non agit, which establishes an introduction to the issue of the retroactive provisions of the decree intoducing martial law on the territory of the People’s Republic of Poland in December 12th 1981. The point of assessing the legality of the decree are the provisions of the Constitution of the PRL, the Criminal Code of 1969 and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. The synthesis of the problems undertaken in this work was supported by jurisdiction of the Constitutional Tribunal and the Supreme Court.

Hierarchizacja praw i wolności jednostki w świetle konstytucyjnej regulacji stanu nadzwyczajnego

  • Author: Krzysztof Eckhardt
  • Institution: WSPiA Rzeszowska Szkoła Wyższa
  • Year of publication: 2014
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 87-100
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/ppk.2014.02.06
  • PDF: ppk/18/ppk1806.pdf

Hierarchization of the rights and freedoms of a person in light  of the constitutional regulation of the extraordinary measures

Analysis of the regulation of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland of April 2nd, 1997 leads to the conclusion that the provisions of its XIth chapter provide for a hierarchy of the rights and freedoms of a person during a period of introduction of the extraordinary measures. The Polish legislator linked the type of the applied extraordinary measure with the possibility of limitation of certain human rights – a solution not known in international documents. Hence, it established a hierarchy of the human rights during the period of introduction of the extraordinary measures with three levels of protection. The hierarchization of the rights and freedoms of a person in the constitutional provisions regarding the extraordinary measures is not crafted to determine the hierarchic supremacy of some rights above the others, but just a particular level of protection of some of them from the intervention of the state.

Konstytucyjne formy aktywności narodu w procesie sprawowania władzy publicznej

  • Author: Grzegorz Kryszeń
  • Institution: Uniwersytet w Białymstoku
  • Year of publication: 2014
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 155-185
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/ppk.2014.02.11
  • PDF: ppk/18/ppk1811.pdf

Constitutional forms of the nation’s activity in exercise of public authority

Constitutional forms of the nation’s activity in the process of executing public authority The aim of the paper is to present a complete and consistent classification of forms of activity of the nation as the collective subject of sovereign authority in the process of exercising public authority stipulated in the Constitution of the Republic of Poland of 2nd April 1997. The proposed typology of these forms is based on the uniform criterion – the legal effect of the formulated will of the community. Using this criterion leads to isolating two main dimensions of the above-mentioned activity of the nation. In the first of them, the nation acts as the actual sovereign and consequently, their acts of will have an absolutely decisive character. This occurs when – in accordance with Article 4 section 2 of the Constitution – the nation „exercises such power directly or through their representatives”, which means within the framework of so-called representative democracy (particularly electing their representatives and calling the previous mandataries to account for their achievements in the finishing term of office by means of the next election, and in the case of territorial selfgovernment bodies, also by means of the institution of revocability), or „directly” (by way of a referendum). All the other forms of social activity provided for in the Constitution of the Republic of Poland and otherwise involve the cooperation of citizens and groups of citizens in executing power by public authority bodies, both representative and non-representative ones. Due to their consultative power or merely inspirational character, they can be collectively referred to as „expressing opinions and providing inspiration in the matter of exercising public authority”.

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