- Author:
mgr Adam Martofel
- Institution:
Akademia Obrony Narodowej
- Year of publication:
2017
- Source:
Show
- Pages:
201-226
- DOI Address:
https://doi.org/10.15804/siip201710
- PDF:
siip/16/siip1610.pdf
Impossible Peace- Kurds in Turkey under AKP rule
The purpose of this article is a presentation of Turkey’s state policy toward the Kurds, the Republic of Turkey’s largest ethnic minority under AKP rule. The main point of reference is an internal situation in Turkey from the 2000s. The author points out the beginnings of the next stage of Kurdish-Turkish conflict taking into account the results of the presidential and parliamentary elections in 2014 and 2015 and Turkey’s security policy after a failed coup d’état attempt on July 2016. This paper provides a new wave of political repression against Kurds and discusses the Kurdish issue as one of the interests of the main regional powers including Turkey, Iran, Syria and Russian Federation. Finally the article indicates Turkey’s military engagement role in Syrian Civil War and implicates this engagement on the situation of Kurds in Republic of Turkey and in the region. As a result of the analysis, author pointed out possibility to reinforce of Kurdish nationalism and support of the Kurds for PKK. The effect of the new anti-PKK strategy will probably be increased political polarisation. It is also probable that the PKK will intensify its actions. At the same time, the strategy may lead to the consolidation of the AKP’s and Erdoğan’s electorate, resulting in strengthening the government’s position. In the regional dimension, the strategy requires an increase in Turkish actions on Iraqi and Syrian soil. Taking into account the relationship between PKK and PYD, Turkish military intervention in Syria and involvement in Iraq could lead to greater consolidation of Kurds in all three states. As an example for international relations, Turkey’s tense relations with Iran, which is interested in preserving its influence over Iraq, and the central government in Bagdad may be further strained.
- Author:
Karol Bieniek
- Institution:
Uniwersytet Pedagogiczny im. KEN w Krakowie
- Year of publication:
2017
- Source:
Show
- Pages:
124-134
- DOI Address:
https://doi.org/10.5604/cip201707
- PDF:
cip/15/cip1507.pdf
Celem artykułu jest ukazanie politycznej drogi proislamskiej Partii Sprawiedliwości i Rozwoju (tur. Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi, AKP), rządzącej Turcją od 2002 roku. Dyskurs tego stronnictwa sprowadza szereg procesów politycznych, społecznych i gospodarczych do konfrontacji „starej” Turcji z „nową”. Ta ostatnia z kolei stanowi immanentną cechę tożsamości ideowej AKP, która w okresie minionych piętnastu lat uległa istotnym przemianom. Zagadnienia te zostaną omówione w toku wywodu.
- Author:
Krzysztof Zdulski
- Institution:
Uniwersytet Łódzki
- Year of publication:
2017
- Source:
Show
- Pages:
181–205
- DOI Address:
https://doi.org/10.15804/athena.2017.55.10
- PDF:
apsp/55/apsp5510.pdf
18 czerwca 1941 roku Turcja podpisała z III Rzeszą układ o nieagresji. Wydarzenie to spotkało się z krytycznym przyjęciem ze strony Wielkiej Brytanii. W Londynie pojawiły się obawy o zmianę polityki tureckiej, której kurs do tej pory nastawiony był na bliską współpracę z aliantami.
Cztery dni później III Rzesza zaatakowała Związek Radziecki. Reakcja rządu brytyjskiego była błyskawiczna. Winston Churchill podjął decyzję o udzieleniu pomocy napadniętemu, puszczając w niepamięć prawie dwa lata ścisłej współpracy niemiecko-radzieckiej. Ten krok z kolei wywołał niepokój w Ankarze, która uważała, że polityka jej północnego sąsiada zagraża suwerenności i integralności terytorialnej Turcji. Obawiano się, że rodząca się współpraca brytyjsko-radziecka może odbyć się kosztem państwa tureckiego.
Z końcem czerwca 1941 r. brytyjska polityka zagraniczna stanęła zatem przed dwoma ważnymi wyzwaniami. Dążąc do utrzymania przyjaznych relacji z Turcją, Brytyjczycy z jednej strony musieli przeciwdziałać zbliżeniu niemiecko- tureckiemu, a z drugiej przekonać władze tureckie, że brytyjska współpraca ze Związkiem Sowieckim nie będzie stanowić zagrożenia dla interesów tureckich. Powyższe cele wyznaczyły główne kierunki działań dyplomacji brytyjskiej wobec Turcji na następne półtora roku.
W pierwszym przypadku odniesiono połowiczny sukces. Co prawda Turcja nie została objęta niemiecką strefą wpływów, ale dyplomatom brytyjskim nie udało się storpedować turecko-niemieckiej umowy gospodarczej, a zwłaszcza jej najważniejszego punktu, czyli przywrócenia eksportu chromu do III Rzeszy. Brytyjczycy jedynie opóźnili dostawy dzięki wyegzekwowaniu od rządu tureckiego przestrzegania zawartego na początku 1940 roku porozumienia, którego postanowienia obowiązywały do końca 1942 roku.
W drugim przypadku Brytyjczycy uczynili wszystko co było w ich mocy, aby rozwiać obawy tureckie. Najpierw w sierpniu 1941 roku przekonali władze Związku Sowieckiego do wydania oświadczenia, w którym deklarowano przestrzeganie integralności terytorialnej Turcji. Następnie wiosną 1942 roku, kiedy negocjowany był układ brytyjsko-radziecki, Moskwa i Londyn potwierdziły wcześniejsze zobowiązania. Należy jednak zauważyć, że dyplomacja brytyjska nie ustrzegła się przed popełnieniem kilku błędów, które mogły zwiększyć podejrzenia ze strony rządu tureckiego. Najpoważniejszym z nich było niepoinformowanie Turków o przygotowaniach do brytyjsko-radzieckiej interwencji w Iranie, do której doszło pod koniec sierpnia 1941 roku.
- Author:
Piotr Prokopiuk
- E-mail:
bolshoiboozepiotr@onet.eu
- Institution:
Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej w Lublinie
- Year of publication:
2017
- Source:
Show
- Pages:
56-70
- DOI Address:
https://doi.org/10.15804/hso170403
- PDF:
hso/15/hso1503.pdf
- License:
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative
Commons Attribution license CC BY-NC-ND 4.0.
The relations between Georgia and Western Europe and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1453–1783
The article presents the history of contacts between Georgia and Western Europe as well as Georgia and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth between the mid-15th and the end of the 18th centuries. In the article, the role of the Georgian diplomatic missions is emphasized in the process of forging anti-Osman coalitions.
- Author:
Dominika Liszkowska
- Institution:
Politechnika Koszalińska
- Year of publication:
2021
- Source:
Show
- Pages:
234-250
- DOI Address:
https://doi.org/10.15804/athena.2021.69.14
- PDF:
apsp/69/apsp6914.pdf
W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono główne cechy tureckiego modelu systemu prezydenckiego, a także historyczne uwarunkowania pozycji prezydenta w strukturze organów państwa w Turcji. Praca składa się z trzech części. W pierwszej z nich omówione zostały podstawy parlamentaryzmu, co jest kluczową kwestią dla ukazania kształtu tureckiego systemu przed reformą. Kolejnym zagadnieniem omawianym w tej części artykułu jest proces ewolucji prezydentury od pierwszych lat powstania Republiki do zmian wprowadzonych po wyborach prezydenckich i parlamentarnych w 2018 r. W drugiej części pracy wskazano uwarunkowania zmiany systemowej. Wreszcie w ostatniej dokonano analizy nowego systemu, określanego jako prezydencjalizm „w stylu tureckim”, i ukazano jego charakterystyczne cechy.
- Author:
Jakub Wódka
- Institution:
Polish Academy of Sciences
- Year of publication:
2014
- Source:
Show
- Pages:
89-100
- DOI Address:
https://doi.org/10.15804/athena.2014.44.05
- PDF:
apsp/44/apsp4405.pdf
The article explores the transformation which the Turkish foreign policy has been undergoing in the last decade since the post-Islamist Justice and Development Party had come to power. Whereas in the cold-war era Turkey concentrated its foreign policy on bolstering the alliance with the United States and on efforts to join the European Communities, last couple of years have seen the country diversify its international engagement. Turkey has been using ‘new’ instruments, such as softpower, to build up its regional status. Yet, the ambitious foreign policy is constrained by the regional developments, the Arab Spring turmoil being the prime example.
- Author:
Emilian Prałat
- E-mail:
emilianpralat@gmail.com
- Institution:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
- ORCID:
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3336-6263
- Year of publication:
2022
- Source:
Show
- Pages:
113-142
- DOI Address:
https://doi.org/10.15804/hso220205
- PDF:
hso/33/hso3305.pdf
- License:
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative
Commons Attribution license CC BY-NC-ND 4.0.
Slavic mutuality, Turkish-Slavic political connections and the vision of General Edmund Taczanowski
The article is devoted to the discovered Greater Poland Military Museum in Poznań, the unpublished text of the memorial in French, which General Edmund Taczanowski, intended to address to the Turkish Sultan, in the hope of creating Bulgarian-Turkish troops, which were then to be used in battles with Russia.
- Author:
Krzysztof Zdulski
- Institution:
Uniwersytet Łódzki
- Year of publication:
2022
- Source:
Show
- Pages:
133-147
- DOI Address:
https://doi.org/10.15804/athena.2022.74.08
- PDF:
apsp/74/apsp7408.pdf
The issue of Turkish accession to the Second World War in British foreign policy (December 1943–January 1944)
During the Cairo negotiations (December 4–7, 1942), the British, supported by the Americans, tried to persuade the Turks to make the air bases on their territory available to the Allies on February 14, 1944. This date was correlated with British preparations for attacking Rhodes as part of Operation Hercules. Throughout the rest of December and mid-January 1944, the British tried to convince the Ankara government to accept the terms of cooperation. The staff consultations which proceeded in early January highlighted the differences in the perception of the war situation by both sides, which eventually led to the breakdown of negotiations and the suspension of British military aid to Turkey. Nevertheless, the British government did not decide to break the treaty of mutual aid with the Turkey and this decision was influenced by political and military factors that was not directly related to the plans of capturing the Dodecanese.
- Author:
Dominika Liszkowska
- E-mail:
dominika.liszkowska@tu.koszalin.pl
- Institution:
Politechnika Koszalińska
- ORCID:
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6312-341X
- Year of publication:
2023
- Source:
Show
- Pages:
121-133
- DOI Address:
https://doi.org/10.15804/ppk.2023.01.09
- PDF:
ppk/71/ppk7109.pdf
Evolution of Grand National Assembly of Turkey’ Role in State System
The aim of article is to show the evolution of parliament’s role in Turkey and the changes taking place within the tripartite division of power from the time of the establishment of the Republic of Turkey (1920’s) to 2018. The article attempts to answer the following questions: how have the scope of competences and the position of the Turkish parliament changed? What are the competences of the parliament following the last reform of the Basic Law (1982)? The research hypothesis assumes that in the case of Turkey, we are dealing with a process of gradual deparliamentarization and replacement of parliament’s supremacy in the tripartite division of powers with a strong monocratic executive power. The changes taking place, characterized in successive basic laws and their amendments, can be described as a gradual weakening of the legislative power and the reduction of its powers in the structure of governmental bodies.
- Author:
Kinga Smoleń
- Institution:
Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej w Lublinie
- ORCID:
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2564-5190
- Year of publication:
2023
- Source:
Show
- Pages:
99-122
- DOI Address:
https://doi.org/10.15804/athena.2023.77.06
- PDF:
apsp/77/apsp7706.pdf
Turkey’s reaction to Russia’s aggression against Ukraine
The aim of the publication is to analyze Turkey’s reaction to Russia’s aggression towards Ukraine. The research will first identify the following independent variables which determine Turkey’s response to Russia’s aggression against Ukraine: the geostrategic importance of the Black Sea, the multidimensional cooperation between Turkey and Ukraine, the interdependence of Turkey and Russia, and the economic crisis in Turkey. Secondly, the strategy of the analyzed reaction will be discussed together with the justification for its choice. Third, the diplomatic, political, military, and humanitarian actions undertaken by Turkey in response to the war in Ukraine will be analyzed. A methodological assumption has been made, with which Turkey’s reaction to Russia’s aggression against Ukraine (the dependent variable) is conditioned by independent variables functioning simultaneously on two levels: the international system and the domestic system. Four research hypotheses will be verified in the article.
- Author:
Zbigniew T. Szmurło
- Year of publication:
2015
- Source:
Show
- Pages:
245-264
- DOI Address:
https://doi.org/10.5604/cip201518
- PDF:
cip/13/cip1318.pdf
Pride of those who suffered innocently. The genocide of Armenians in Turkey
In the article shown genocide of Armenians in Turkey in 1915 and and the picture of pogroms of Armenians who is found in the composition „Choucas: an international novel” by Zofia Nałkowska (1884–1954). She is regarded as a pioneer of the psychological novel in Poland. Set in the Swiss Alps, her novel „Choucas” (1927) reflects the author’s experience of a sanatoria village in the mountains above Lake Geneva, where she stayed from February to April 1925, and the international community she encountered there, including Armenian survivors of the genocide placed there by the Swiss Red Cross. In this text c read fragments of Genocide placed in the creation of the Zofia Nałkowska. Elements of the tragedy of the Armenians and the genocide perpetrated by the Turks in 1915 can be found in the logs of the author and her work „Choucas: an international novel” based on the meeting with Armenian refugees from Turkish pogroms who stay on treatment in a sanatorium in Switzerland.
- Author:
Przemysław Mazur
- Institution:
University of the National Education Commission in Krakow
- ORCID:
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0025-9410
- Year of publication:
2023
- Source:
Show
- Pages:
194-214
- DOI Address:
https://doi.org/10.15804/athena.2023.79.10
- PDF:
apsp/79/apsp7910.pdf
The main objective of the article was to determine whether the Uyghurs were a relevant group in the Syrian conflict, i.e., whether they were numerous, well-organized and determined enough to take the fight to the Syrian army or other non-state actors or cooperate with them. Several levels of analysis were carried out in this article. Firstly, article aimed to show where the Uyghurs in Syria came from. Secondly, the following section assessed their importance to the Syrian conflict, as well as who they worked with and fought against. Thirdly, it analysed whether their military and political involvement could have an impact on the international situation. Last but not least, the fate of Uyghurs, especially those who left for Syria, was discussed. The latter issue is also a question about Syria, its fate and place in the politics of other countries.
- Author:
Dominika Liszkowska
- Institution:
Koszalin University of Technology
- ORCID:
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6312-341X
- Year of publication:
2024
- Source:
Show
- Pages:
239-253
- DOI Address:
https://doi.org/10.15804/athena.2024.83.13
- PDF:
apsp/83/apsp8313.pdf
Since 2002, the Justice and Development Party and its undisputed leader, the current leader of the state, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, have enjoyed unwavering support on the Turkish political scene. The processes taking place in Türkiye are referred to as the “erdoganisation of Turkish politics.” It is happening both at the level of the state’s internal policy and foreign policy, referred to as “Erdoğan’s foreign policy.” These processes are proceeding in parallel with the growing role that Erdoğan plays in his own party. He became the undisputed leader of the party, and then of the entire state. He is also positively evaluated in the societies of other Muslim states. In the case of Türkiye, an important issue that required analysis was the adaptation of institutional solutions to the changing position of individual entities and paying attention to strengthening the role of the individual/leader within the political system of the state.