Political thought of polish underground national movement during World War II

Nationalists were one of the numerous Polish political movements during World War II. Actively engaging in the fight against the occupying forces, they suffered heavy losses, but does not prevent them in the creation of significant heritage in the field of political thought. The aim of the article is to present the political thought of Polish national movement during the Second World War. Historical, qualitative and comparative methods were used. The whole has been divided into several parts,, in which author examines the with issues of political thought as: Polish war aims, vision of state borders, ratio to national minorities, vision of the political system, economic vision, vision of national security, education and upbringing. The whole article has to show how rich the heritage of those generations.

Legal status of National and Ethnic Minorities in the Czech Republic

The proper regulation of the legal status of national and ethnic minorities in the former Communist Block countries still remains a serious problem. In comparison to other countries of this block, the Czech Republic stands out. Its constitutional protection of national and ethnic minorities is currently guaranteed by the regulation included in: the constitution from December 16 1992, the Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms, the act regarding the rights of national minorities of 2001, the anti-discrimination act of 2009 and the ratified international agreements. The purpose of this elaboration is to present the legal situation of the national and ethnic minorities in Czech Republic by specifying the assumptions of country’s politics towards the minorities, discuss their granted rights and legal instruments essential for its protection. This precedes the extensive historical sketch showing the position of the national minorities within the Czech Republic between 1918 and 1992, which Czech Republic is a legal and axiological continuator.

Artykuł stanowi próbę wskazania i zbadania czynników, które zdaniem autorki miały zasadniczy wpływ na współczesną sytuację mniejszości słoweńskiej w Karyntii. Wśród nich znalazły się m.in. spory terytorialne o Karyntię, sytuacja geopolityczna Austrii po II wojnie światowej oraz dwustronne relacje ze Słowenią. Szczególny nacisk położony został na ostatni z wymienionych czynników. Podstawowym pytaniem badawczym pozostaje kwestia, czy takie relacje można zaliczyć do podstawowych czynników sprawczych. Artykuł stanowi również próbę weryfikacji tezy, według której geografia i historia państwa należą do głównych czynników określających jego politykę. Analiza dotyczy w głównej mierze Karyntii – jednego z dziewięciu austriackich landów, który bezpośrednio graniczy ze Słowenią (obok Styrii). Jest to terytorium, w którym mniejszość słoweńska pozostaje najbardziej aktywna. Nie bez znaczenia jest również liczebność mniejszości oraz fakt, że Karyntia uchodzi za tradycyjny obszar jej zamieszkiwania.

Territorial and cultural autonomies in Transylvania. The pursuit and interpretations

The article presents the endeavours on the part of the multi-national and multicultural population living in Transylvania to create, within a span of several centuries, various types of autonomies, be it cultural or territorial.

National and Ethnic Minorities in Poland in the Light of Constitutional Regulations

Poland has been a place of coexistence of various ethnic and national groups for centuries. Throughout history, state borders have changed, which has influenced the ethnic diversity of the country. As a result of these changes and population migrations, national and ethnic minorities live in Poland. The guarantee of protection of the rights and freedoms of these groups, preservation of their customs and traditions, and development of their own culture is the Constitution of the Republic of Poland, as well as the international convention for the Protection of National Minorities. The aim of this article is to analyze the constitutional provisions in terms of the scope of protection of national and ethnic minorities living in Poland and the guarantee of their constitutional rights and freedoms.