Polityka migracyjna Niemiec, Włoch i Węgier to przykład trzech różnych koncepcji, które są uzależnione w dużym stopniu od wizji rządów sprawujących władzę w tych państwach. Im bardziej liberalne i demokratyczne rządy, tym bardziej otwarte społeczeństwa i tym większa wrażliwość na potrzeby migrantów. Większe także poczucie solidarności z innymi państwami wewnątrz Unii Europejskiej, które kryzys uchodźczy dotyka najbardziej. Do Wspólnoty należą jednak państwa o różnym poziomie demokracji, również takie które niechętnie patrzą na obcych, a ich działania skupiają się przede wszystkim na ochronie własnych granic. Pomimo wielu różnic w bieżących rozwiązaniach cennym osiągnięciem trwającego dwa lata kryzysu uchodźczego jest zgoda wszystkich państw co do konieczności eliminowania przyczyn migracji poza Europą i ściślejsza współpraca w zakresie ochrony granic terytorium Unii Europejskiej.

Sweden has a substantially long tradition of conducting an image policy using both public diplomacy and nation branding. The refugee crisis is a significant challenge for maintaining a strong nation brand and positive perceptions of this country, mostly owing to contradictions between the declared values of Sweden’s image and nation brand and the real steps undertaken by the government to limit refugee immigration. The aim of this article is to discover potential correlation between the refugee crisis and changes within Sweden’s image and the strategy for promoting the country abroad, as well as Sweden’s methods and forms of international communication.

Osiągnięcie wysokiego poziomu bezpieczeństwa wewnętrznego jest jednym z priorytetów Unii Europejskiej. Politykę bezpieczeństwa wewnętrznego UE realizuje, dbając o przestrzeń wolności, bezpieczeństwa i sprawiedliwości. Wobec kryzysu migracyjnego, który trwa już od wielu lat, a obecnie ma nowe oblicze, przed UE pojawiają się nowe wyzwania. UE musi zacieśnić współpracę na wielu poziomach tak, by zapewnić jak najwyższy poziom bezpieczeństwa. Agencje UE wspomagające współpracę w bezpieczeństwie wewnętrznym angażują się w walkę z efektami kryzysu migracyjnego i wspierają siły państwowe przy ochronie granic. Rolę jednej z nich –Europolu – oraz działającego w jego ramach Europejskiego Centrum Zwalczania Przemytu Migrantów – EMSC warto poruszyć w aspekcie rozważań nad współpracą w bezpieczeństwie wewnętrznym. Odpowiedź na kryzys migracyjny musi być bardziej kompleksowa i brać pod uwagę potrzeby zarówno migrantów, jak i państw przyjmujących czy tranzytowych.

Italian Migration Policy

Italy, due to it is geographical location, is extremely exposed to migratory movements. Over the past few decades, the Republic has undergone a far-reaching transformation from sending to receiving country. A country in which a migration policy practically did not exist had to build it from scratch quite quickly, which was associated with many of its disadvantages, reformed over time. A breakthrough moment was the migration crisis initiated in 2011 and caused by the Arab Spring in North Africa. It was a real test not only for the Italian migration policy, but in retrospect also for the entire European Union, where, unfortunately, there was no enough solidarity.

Constitutional Duty to Protect Polish Borders in the Light of the Crisis on the Border with Belarus

The duty of each state established by internal law is to protect its borders. The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, referring to the need to ensure the integrity of the territory and the security and inviolability of its borders, gives this duty priority. The crisis on the Polish-Belarusian border poses a serious threat to both the Baltic countries and the European Union. The methods and means used to end it are primarily intended to ensure border security, which is a particularly difficult task given the hybrid nature of the actions carried out by Belarus. The possibility of response and reaction of Polish services is limited by the need to respect human rights, international law regulations and democratic rules, which the Republic of Belarus does not feel bound by. The use of the state of emergency made it possible to focus efforts on combating the crisis, but the question arises how the situation will develop after it is lifted.

While the crises of 2015 and 2022, albeit with different burdens and responsibilities, were pan- European, the crisis on the Polish-Belarusian and Polish-Lithuanian borders can be considered as a regional crisis in which the countries directly affected are involved. For this reason, this crisis is the least studied and recognized outside the country. The aim of the article is to present the genesis, course, and consequences of the crisis on the Polish-Belarusian border in the context of European law. The Polish government has challenged the basic regulations regarding the right to apply for international protection, citing issues of national security protection, as well as using a sovereign narrative. The research hypothesis assumes that the previously Europeanised migration and asylum policy has been nationalised in Poland in connection with the actions of the Polish authorities in response to the crisis. The analysis will be conducted through the prism of the theory of Europeanization, using elements of securitization theory.

Within the article activity of media broadcasters during the migration crisis of 2015 has been analysed – the crisis whose peak coincided with the period of political campaign preceding the parliamentary elections in Poland. In this context, strong emphasis on issues related to the migration crisis, which had become one of the leading themes of the parliamentary campaign, could have been expected in Polish press market, especially taking into consideration strong political affiliations of weekly opinion magazines existing in the said market at the time. In the presented article, 207 issues of the following opinion weeklies have been analysed: “Newsweek”, “Polityka”, “wSieci” and “Do Rzeczy”, in order to determine the media importance of migration-related themes and of the level of political parallelism of the studied media (political/axiological or party profiling of media releases). The study used the content analysis method with reference to the concept of framing.