Tożsamość Polaków w diasporze w Holandii można definiować w różnych kategoriach. Z jednej strony jako typowo polonijną, a także jako polską zmierzającą do identyfikacji dwukierunkowej kraju osiedlenia. Organizacje, które funkcjonują w Królestwie Niderlandów są otwarte na nowe wyzwania kulturowo-cywilizacyjne. Należą do nich m.in. Fundacja Multikuturalna Platforma dla Pokoju i Wolności, TOP Polki, Polish Professional Woman of the Nederlands. Młode pokolenie imigrantów uczestniczy w działalności organizacji głównie w formie wolontariatu. Głównym celem współczesnych organizacji jest promocja Polski w Holandii.

Ukrainian diary in diaspora: aspects of the linguistic norm

The article deals with the specific features of the diary discourse of M. Halaburda-Chyhryn as a linguistic personality functioning in emigration. It has been found out, that in her diary there are lexical “anglicisms” denoting notions, which are easier to perceive through the prism of English, though they have equivalents in Ukrainian. The author retains “authenticity” of the English prototypes,“naturalizes” the foreign language elements, uses word for word translated “anglicisms” etc. Calked borrowings from English are explained by the functional, ideological, psychological isolation of the Ukrainian language in Diaspora. The use of such words reflects the bilingual`s spontaneous speech. The author often resorts to transcriptional reproduction of words by the Russian phonetic prototype to focus on the negative evaluation of events. Their spelling reflects non-normative pronunciation. There are deviations from Ukrainian grammatical rules caused by interaction with the language of the country of settlement: use of one preposition instead of another, use of passive constructions etc. The frequency of pluperfect tense form is explained by the existence of perfect tenses in the dominant language. Lexical parallelism becomes noticeable when two objective realities are compared. The most illustrative are “russisms” and “polonisms”. Many of them have roots in English. Along with “anglicisms” we come across purisms which make diaspora members the defenders of their native language. There are also lexical archaisms: preservation of letter “e” in the words of foreign origin; use of soft “л”; transmission of diphthongs “au”, “ou” through “ав”, “ов” in accordance with the pronunciation; transmission of final “tr”, “dr” through “тер”, “дер”; preservation of prothetic “г” before vowels in foreign words; transmission of “θ” through the letter “т”in the words of Greek origin; use of letter “ґ” to refer to the phoneme [ґ] both in both Ukrainian and borrowed words. Сonclusions have been drawn, that the language of Ukrainian diaspora diary is a fact of the history of the Ukrainian literary language, a product of its development and a source of its renewal at the same time.

Economic Diplomacy of the Ukrainian World Congress as a Factor of Support for Ukraine (1991–2021)

In the scientific article, the author attempts to highlight the peculiarities of the forms and mechanisms of economic diplomacy of the Ukrainian World Congress (the UWC) as a factor of economic support for Ukraine in 1991–2021. A number of general and special scientific research methods were used to study this problem. Reports and materials of Congresses (conventions), annual reports and materials of collections of annual reports, the official website of the UWC, etc. were analysed. The author emphasizes that issues of economic development of Ukraine have been a priority for the UWC since its declaration of independence and in the future. At the same time, the ways of economic support of Ukraine as the main coordinating superstructure of Ukrainian communities in the world were different. Establishing cooperation for economic support of Ukraine is outlined in the Memorandum between the UWC and the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine that was signed in 2020. Based on a study of the activities of the World Council of Ukrainian Cooperatives and the Economic Prosperity and Investment Committee (EPIC), the article shows how the UWC, as a coordinator of actions of Ukrainians abroad, together with Ukrainian communities in the world, has contributed to the recovery of the credit cooperative movement in Ukraine and works to increase Ukrainian investment attractiveness among foreign audiences. A separate and important form of support for Ukraine’s economic growth for the UWC is the development of interaction between the diaspora and migrants and Ukraine. For this purpose, the organization conducts thematic events to raise awareness about Ukraine, actively cooperates with the International Organization for Migration (IOM), other public organizations. It was concluded that the economic diplomacy of the UWC to support Ukraine is systematic and productive. It was noted that the UWC can play the role of a “bridge” for establishing cooperation between Ukraine and the foreign community, in particular in the direction of attracting investments.