W artykule tym autor przedstawił postawy polityczne wśród Nowozelandczyków i Polonii nowozelandzkiej wobec wprowadzenia w Polsce stanu wojennego w 1981 r. W trakcie prowadzonego badania ujawniono następujące zjawiska, które towarzyszyły postawom politycznym wyrażanym w Nowej Zelandii wobec stanu wojennego w Polsce: nowozelandzkie związki zawodowe zajmowały stanowiska dychotomiczne wobec „Solidarności”; antykomunizm ówczesnego rządu nowozelandzkiego; konflikt polityczny w środowiskach polskiej emigracji politycznej; wysoką zdolność Polonii do mobilizacji politycznej. Przeprowadzone badanie stanowiło podstawę do potwierdzenia hipotezy, stanowiącej przypuszczenie, że Polacy jak i Nowozelandczycy w Nowej Zelandii ujawniali postawy antykomunistyczne w okresie wprowadzenia stanu wojennego w Polsce, a społeczeństwo nowozelandzkie wspierało Polaków w Nowej Zelandii w ich postawach antykomunistycznych i działaniach na rzecz wyrażenia dezaprobaty dla reżimu komunistycznego i rozwiązania opozycji demokratycznej skoncentrowanej wokół ruchu społecznego „Solidarność”.

Is Polish Constitution adjusted to the times of crisis? Selected problems and de lege ferenda propositions

The subject of this article is the question whether the Constitution of the Republic of Poland of 1997 provides sufficient guarantees for the continuity of government and cooperation of public authorities in the event of sudden threats such as war, rebellion, natural disaster or terrorist attack. The analysis shows that the Constitution of the Republic of Poland is prepared for standard emergency situations, but does not contain procedures in the event of the worst-case scenarios: necessity of state of emergency during electoral campaign; failure to gather a minimum quorum of 230 deputies for the needs of a session of the parliament; the death of top politicians in the state.

The Influence of the Legal Regime of Maritime on Ensuring the Right to the Secret of Correspondence in Ukraine

The article is devoted to the study of the influence of the legal regime of martial law on ensuring the constitutional right to secrecy of correspondence, telephone conversations, telegraph and other correspondence. Martial law and restrictions on human rights and freedoms are not common in any country in the world. However, today, in connection with the imposition of martial law in Ukraine due to Russia’s armed aggression against Ukraine, this topic is quite relevant. The author investigates the essence of restrictions on human rights and freedoms in martial law, legal grounds, models, conditions and principles of restrictions on human rights and freedoms in martial law, in particular the right to secrecy of correspondence. The foreign experience of martial law in the country and restrictions on the right to secrecy of correspondence and other human rights and freedoms under such conditions are considered. The mechanism of martial law in Ukraine or in some of its territories is analyzed, its shortcomings are identified, which can significantly affect human rights and freedoms in martial law. A comparative description of the Ukrainian and foreign mechanisms of martial law and restrictions on human rights under martial law has been made. In order to avoid unjustified or illegal restriction of the human right to secrecy of correspondence in wartime, substantiated recommendations are provided to eliminate the shortcomings of the mechanism of martial law in Ukraine.

Improvements of Criminal Legislation of Ukraine in the Conditions of the Russia-Ukraine War of 2022

The article is devoted to the review of the amendments to the Criminal Code of Ukraine adopted by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine during the first month since the beginning of the next act of armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine. The analyzed period is limited to the timeframe from February 24 to March 25, 2022. During this period, the Ukrainian parliament adopted 10 pieces of legislation related to amendments to the Criminal Code of Ukraine. It is noted that the relevant amendments to the legislation were made throughout Ukraine during the period of martial law. The main purpose of the adopted changes was to strengthen criminal liability for crimes committed during martial law and criminalize certain acts that have not yet provided for the occurrence of criminal liability. The first law to supplement the criminal legislation of Ukraine during martial law was the law on collaboration. Collaborative activities are now understood as a fairly wide range of criminal acts: public denial of armed aggression against Ukraine; public appeals to support the decisions and/or actions of the aggressor state; propaganda in educational institutions, voluntary employment in illegal authorities, etc. Also, the Criminal Code of Ukraine is supplemented with articles criminalizing the threat of murder of a serviceman (including production/distribution of materials containing such a threat) and justification, recognition of legitimate, denial of armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine (including production/distribution of relevant materials). In terms of liability for treason and sabotage, the legislator strengthened the liability of perpetrators to life imprisonment with confiscation of property (if the relevant crimes were committed under martial law). A separate law stipulates that civilians are not criminally liable for the use of firearms against persons who carry out armed aggression against Ukraine if such weapons are used in accordance with the requirements of a special law. Criminal liability for theft, robbery, banditry, and extortion has been strengthened. Responsibility for looting has also been strengthened. The Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine also passed a law recognizing the fulfillment of the duty to protect the Fatherland, independence, and territorial integrity of Ukraine as a circumstance that excludes criminal wrongdoing. Laws were also passed to increase criminal liability for cybercrime, establish liability for the illegal use of humanitarian aid, and disseminate information on the relocation, movement, or position of the Armed Forces of Ukraine).

The relevance of this research topic is due, on the one hand, the importance of studying the mechanisms of protection of consumers of financial services in martial law, and on the other – the presence of theoretical and practical legal issues related to state control in this area. According to its legal content, martial law is a special legal regime that can be imposed under certain conditions throughout Ukraine or in some of its territories. The basis for the imposition of martial law may be armed aggression or the threat of attack, as well as the threat to state independence of Ukraine and the territorial integrity of the country. In order to avert threats to national security, the relevant authorities, military administrations, military command and local self-government bodies are given the necessary powers during martial law. The purpose of the research is to conduct a comprehensive scientific analysis of theoretical, practical and regulatory issues of protection of consumers of financial services in martial law and develop proposals to improve existing legislation to harmonize national legislation with European Union law. The author notes that based on the analysis of emergency regulations of the National Bank of Ukraine aimed at protecting the rights of consumers of financial services in martial law, a number of conclusions can be drawn. Provisions on the protection of consumers of financial services in martial law should protect the interests of consumers by encouraging the provision of quality services and fair competition. Withdrawal from the market of those participants whose services are directly related to the financial institutions of the aggressor state, low quality and based on fraud and abuse, or those who seek to maximize profits in the short term to the detriment of long-term value to customers and shareholders in fact, one of the main purposes of such regulation.

This scientific article highlights the issue of ensuring the investment component of information security of the state in martial law. Theoretical and practical interest in the study of the problems of legal security of military security is primarily related to the social, economic and geopolitical metamorphoses that have taken place in the world in recent years. In the current realities of Ukraine, it faces a number of issues, the solution of which is directly related to the identification and analysis of sources of real and potential threats to national interests. A significant number of global threats require the creation of special administrative and legal mechanisms for regulating public relations that arise in emergencies of military, social, man-made and natural nature. The purpose of this article is to study some forms of investment support for state information security of Ukraine in martial law. The authors conclude that the business has continued to pay taxes to the state budget and even pays them in advance. In February 2022, the general fund of the state budget received UAH 104.6 billion (overfulfillment of the monthly schedule by 29.3%, or UAH 23.7 billion). With the planned deficit of UAH 66.2 billion in the first two months of 2022, the general fund surplus amounted to UAH 13.1 billion, and the state budget of Ukraine as a whole – UAH 24 billion. The NBU promptly transferred part of the profits for distribution in the amount of almost UAH 19 billion to the state budget of Ukraine to finance the functioning of the state under martial law. International organizations and partner countries have pledged large amounts of funding to strengthen defense capabilities, support Ukraine’s economy and humanitarian issues. According to the NBU, the total international financial, technical and humanitarian support is more than $ 15 billion, of which more than $ 5 billion – immediately to the budget.

The study aimed to test the first two stages of the simplified model of emergency education (elaborated by P. Aguilar, G. Retamal, and K. Triplehorn) under martial law conditions on the relatively safe territory of Ukraine. The study embraced 52 children from internally displaced families, 6 teachers, 3 practical psychologists and 12 pedagogical university students. Work with children was organised by students’ self-government members under the guidance of pedagogical teachers and professional psychologists. Based on the emergency education model, the authors developed a method of organising recreational therapy for internally displaced school-aged children evacuated from war zones. In order to assess the effectiveness of the organised activities, the «Test of differential self-assessment of functional state» was used to determine the level of children’s indices of well-feeling, activity and mood (WAM-questionnaire). The results of the surveys before and after the experiment showed that the developed method of organising the recreational therapy of internally displaced children contributed to significant positive changes in their emotional, psychological and functional state. The reported redistribution of indices clearly illustrates the significance of those changes.

The Toruń Security Service tried with extraordinary zeal to dismantle underground structures, especially secret printing houses and distribution structures. For this purpose, informers were used and the information obtained from them was carefully collected. All found copies of leaflets, underground leaflets, posters, etc. were also carefully collected. By January 11, 1982, the Security Service in Toruń had collected a collection of 172 leaflets, into which (as well as subsequent leaflets), the prosecutor’s office initiated an official investigation. They continued until the fall of 1983. The article discusses the methods of operation of the Security Service in Toruń in order to crack down on the Solidarity underground. Searches, interrogations (sometimes brutal), informers and technical means (e.g. wiretapping) were used.

The study examined Ukrainian students’ learning motivation amid the fullscale Russian invasion. A survey gauged the impact of current conditions on their emotional state and learning motivation. The results revealed a statistically significant decrease in motivation among students since February 24, 2022. The list of factors that influence the current situation in Ukraine, which, according to the interviewed youth, have the greatest influence on their learning, has been determined.