The aim of the article is to present the results of the research conducted by author in Poland and Russia last years, as well as to analyse the ways for improvement the situation in civil society in these countries. The author postulates the need of new understanding of the role of non–governmental organizations in times of crises, which happened in Europe and in the world in recent years (the world financial crisis, migration crisis, political crises in Poland and Russia, the crisis of European integration, etc.). Presented in this article research demonstrates, that mass–media, governments and ordinary people in Poland and Russia see the role of non–governmental organisations primarily in the social problems solving. Moreover, different other studies analysed in the article demonstrate the weakness of non–governmental sector and civil society in these countries. Author concludes that non–governmental organizations have to work in coalitions, because this way they can receive support from other institutions in the network and promote their activities on a larger scale. Networking, federations and coalitions of non–governmental organizations are the significant force in society. It is very important especially in a context of social development of Poland and Russia and overcoming the consequences of crises. 

In the contemporary world, the development of education is given special importance. Education is considered as a basic force of civilization changes. Interdisciplinary education, focused on innovation, is seen as a necessary challenge to cultural changes. The level of education is becoming an increasingly important factor in determining the economic, political and social behaviour as well as values shaping systems. Currently, educational challenges are of interest to different actors of cultural life. They draw attention to the types of education, institutional arrangements, curricula, the teachers image, educators and students, teaching methods, forms of extracurricular education, financial aspects, etc. These issues are awakening big disputability, and even controversy, both political factors, responsible for shaping educational policy and public opinion, including teachers and researchers interested in various aspects of education. There is on the one hand – pursuance to preserve tradition, cultivating patterns developed in the historical process and enrich them through the elements of civilization challenges and on the other hand – promotes belief in the need for education outgoing to meet civilization challenges of education called modern, rejecting the existing patterns of development; moreover, in a Polish cultural reality, the traditional school model is known as a little – friendly institution for teacher and student. 

Audience of the media and elicitation potencial of Internet
The article discusses a problem about audience of old and new media. At the beginning of text author mentions each epoch in the history of human thought, ending its consideration of the time of post-post modernism, in which an integral part of human life is, in her opinion, the computer. Then goes on to present two different trends recognizing the public media. One associated with the hypothesis of the spiral of silence by Elizabeth Noelle-Neumann and the other based on a spiral barking and clamor proposed by Stanislaw Ignacy Fiut. In the next part of the work takes the issue of ways to receive media information and identifies specific concepts of audience. A key part of the article is the section on public opinion of old and new media, in which the author shows both the differences and similarities that occur between users different media types.

For the purposes of this article it has been assumed that public opinion is a rapidly changing state of consciousness of large social groups, made up of more or less stable ideas and beliefs, relating to debatable issues, which has a direct or indirect impact on the current or future interests of society by its properties. This article aims to analyze the impact of public opinion on Polish foreign policy after 1989. The article assumes that: the public opinion has an impact on decisions affecting foreign policy, although the extent of this impact is very different and often is purely indirect; impact of public opinion in Poland on foreign policy increases, but still shall be defined only as incidental impact; public opinion in Poland does not determine foreign policy.

The article concerns public opinion regarding the postulates of sexual minorities. The basis for this discussion are public opinion polls conducted by the Public Opinion Research Centre. This allowed to present social tendencies regarding activities and postulates of the LGBT movement in Poland. The research polls span the period of time between 1998 and 2013. They concerned the following issues: opinions on homosexuality, social acceptance of homosexuality, attitude to same-sex marriage and civil partnerships, and gays’ and lesbians’ right to public demonstration. This discussion is founded on a theoretical overview regarding non-normativity.

Relationship of Czechs to Czechoslovak statehood

This article presents insight into the development/changes in the way in which Czechs treated the Czechoslovak stateh in 1918-1992. I have taken into consideration the roots of the modification to the Czech state resulting from historical developments and supplemented in the 19th century. I also ascertain that - except for the Second Republic - Czechs adopted a positive outlook on the emergence of an independent state - Czechoslovakia. This emergence posed a considerable problem predominantly to communist ideologists. However, even they could not eliminate this social vision in their targeted and simplified interpretations of history. While Czechoslovakia as a state disappeared as early as in 1992, the rudimentary concepts of the Czechoslovak statehood have survived and have been reflected in the way the new Czech state is treated.

The Influence of Social and Psychological Actiity of a Teenage Club on the Personal Identification Development of Teenagers

The article considers the influence of the socio-psychological activities of the teen club by interests on the development of personal identification of teenagers. Personal identification plays an important role in the process of interaction between a psychologist, a teacher and a pupil, thus stimulating psycho-corrective changes. In this paper, we consider it appropriate to highlight and explore the impact of the club forms of work on the development of personal identification in the process of social and psychological activities. It is pointed out that there are hundreds of teen clubs that operate at the national, regional and local levels and implement a large number of different programs of socially significant direction in Ukraine nowadays. It has been proved that an important place in the system of education of the younger generation belongs to clubs. They are the social institutions that are designed to organize leisure time not only for adults and promote the diverse development of the growing individual. Therefore, all the activities of the club by interests consist of two interrelated parts such as purposeful educational, educational and organizational activities of employees and actve particpants of the club and leisure activities of adolescents. The study of personal identification of adolescents is based on theoretical analysis of existing research, which reveals a field of relevant aspects for further study, namely educational work with adolescents, social and cultural determinism, the connection with the experience of negative affect.

On 26 April 1994, the Lithuanian and Polish presidents signed in Vilnius the Treaty between the Republic of Lithuania and the Republic of Poland on friendly relations and good neighbourly cooperation. The Lithuanian press devoted much attention to the progress of negotiations in drafting this document and to its ratification by the Lithuanian Seimas in October 1994. During 1993–1994, the Lithuanian newspapers Lietuvos rytas, Respublika, Lietuvos aidas, Tiesa, Kurier Wileński, also several smaller newspapers, such as Voruta, Gimtasis kraštas, Atgimimas, SSI, Amžius, published the articles devoted to a discussion of the Lithuanian-Polish relations. This publication aims at conducting an analysis of the Lithuanian press and reviewing the articles devoted to the drafting, signature and ratification of the Treaty between the Republic of Lithuania and the Republic of Poland on friendly relations and good neighbourly cooperation, as well as to the political situation in Lithuania at the time of the drafting and signature of the mentioned agreement.