Holy Crown in the Hungarian Basic Law of 2011

The adoption of the new Hungarian Fundamental Law is a result of the victory of right wing and conservative coalition (Fidesz–KDNP) in the election of 2010. The cristian-conservative and national point of view of the history and policy is characteristic for the preamble of Fundamental Law. Its text is very ideological, historical and archaical. The part of this trend is the reincorporation of the Hungarian Saint Crown to the text of Fundamental Law and paralelly the revitalization of the theory of historical constitution too. The interest to the Crown and its symbolical meaning has growed directly after the transition in 1989, but the certain „rehabilitation” and „reactivation” of the Saint Crown in the public law is the result of the constitution-making after 2010. The recognition of Saint Crown as a symbol of the constitutional/state continuity and unity of nation is in this form the new element in the current legal order of Hungary.

The Democratic State Ruled by Law Clause as a Fundamental Rule of Limiting Restrictions on Constitutional Rights and Freedoms

Despite the introduction to the Constitution of the Republic of Poland of 1997 of a number of detailed regulations (principles) previously derived from the democratic state ruled by law clause, its importance for the discourse around the limits of legislative interference in the sphere of individual rights and freedoms remains relevant. The author of this text focuses on the analysis of the multifaceted nature of the impact of this fundamental principle on the process of interpretation and application of legal provisions. The text outlines the issues related not only to the scope of direct application of Article 2 of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland, but also its importance for reasoning about the constitutional axiology which significance for the assessment of the legality (proportionality) of interference by the legislative authority with the domain of constitutional rights and freedoms is becoming ever clearer.

Constitutional values at the dawn of the AI era

The article presents constitutional values exposed to violation by solutions using AI. Based on the dogmatic-legal method, the views of Polish constitutional law since the 1989 changes were analysed. In the study of the impact of AI on the accepted values, the literature on the subject, mainly from 2017–2020, was used. The aim of the study is to identify significant constitutional values exposed to threats from the development of AI. Of the many constitutional values, it is shown that the key ones are human dignity and the rule of law and democracy as the most vulnerable to interference from AI. Examples of AI interference with human values and those related to the idea of a democratic state under the rule of law are presented. It concludes that unregulated use of AI poses a risk of violating constitutional values.