Semantics of the norms of the competence in selected constitutions of Eastern European countries

An article dedicated to semantic methods of defining of competitive norms in selected constitutions of Eastern European countries. The principle of legality requires public authorities to act solely on the basis of the applicable law and within the limits defined by them. This means the state body does only what the law expressly permits, and anything else not explicitly stated in the legal provision is prohibited. Therefore, it is very important the legislator speaks deliberately and precisely the legal language. The legislator must avoid a blurred notion and such, that allow for interpretative freedom in normative acts. Taking into account that all legislative activities we perceive to be non-accidental, each legal regulation should have a meaning that makes it impossible to make “arbitrary” decisions.

Celem podjętych przez autorów badań była próba ustalenia poziomu wrażliwości międzykulturowej, która w przyjętej koncepcji badań jest podstawowym wymiarem międzykulturowej kompetencji komunikowania się. Odnosi się ona do emocjonalnego pragnienia danej osoby, aby kontakt był potwierdzeniem, docenieniem i zaakceptowaniem różnic kulturowych. W badaniach wykorzystano metodę ankiety, a narzędziem była Skala Wrażliwości Międzykulturowej autorstwa Guo-Ming Chena i Williama J. Starosty (Chen i Starosta, 1996, ss. 353–383). Badaniami objęto 154 Polaków przebywających na emigracji zarobkowej w południowo-zachodniej części Anglii. Narzędzie badawcze rozprowadzono metodą kuli śnieżnej wykorzystując w tym celu między innymi nowoczesne środki komunikacji. Analiza uzyskanych wyników wykazała, że badani Polacy prezentują dobry i przeciętny poziom wrażliwości międzykulturowej, w którym największy udział mają badane kobiety, badani z najmłodszej grupy wiekowej oraz z najkrótszym stażem na emigracji. Uzyskując w zdecydowanej większości analizowanych wymiarów wyniki wysokie. Wyniki najniższe odnotowano w przypadku najstarszej grupy wiekowej oraz z najdłuższym stażem na emigracji.

A contemporary human being expands and uses their individual abilities to update, deepen and enrich the potential of knowledge, skills and competences in order to adapt to the changing social living space. The tasks imposed by the contemporary society necessitate creation and fulfillment of an individual who learns to live and is able to develop in the individual and collective dimension by professionalisation and use of their own competence potential. The contemporary civilisational tasks are not based on preparing individuals for the existing society but on providing stimuli enabling every human being, by using their competence potential, to understand the surrounding world, to create it, to be its actual participant and recipient, and to feel responsible for it now and in the future.

EU member states: a new paradigm of sovereignty? An outline of the issue

Political and economic integration of countries taking place within the European Union leads to the modification of certain traditional features of the state’s sovereignty, such as, for example, exclusive judiciary competence within the state’s territory or independent financial, budget and fiscal policy. This calls for the analysis whether, and if so, to what extent, being the EU member state influences the country’s sovereignty. There are two contrasting views regarding this matter: some theoreticians claim that this integration limits or even eliminates the country’s sovereignty, while others argue that countries retain their sovereignty, and integration is the manifestation of sovereignty. The aim of the article is to reflect on these theories in the context of a new paradigm of EU member states’s sovereignty, which takes into account new relations between such agents as an individual, society, nation, or state.

Gloss to the Judgment of the Supreme Administrative Court in Warsaw of 2 February 2023, file ref. no. III OSK 3945/21

Judgment of the Supreme Administrative Court in Warsaw of February 9, 2023, III OSK 3945/21 concerns the decision of the President of the UODO regarding inadequate security measures used by the Morele.net online store, which resulted in unauthorized access to the store’s customer database. One of the disputed issues resolved is whether the President is competent to independently assess whether the technical and organizational measures used by a party to administrative proceedings to protect personal data were “adequate”, which undoubtedly requires special knowledge. The court’s position is that the President should not ascribe expertise to himself just by virtue of being a public administration body, even with a special status. The judgment should prompt the President to develop an effective methodology for its control activities. Otherwise, the authority won’t be able to refute the accusation of subjectively created objectivity shaped in jurisprudence, as well as the selective equality of administrators.