Constitutional right to health care in jurisprudence  of the Italian Constitutional Court

The right to health care in the Constitution of the Italian Republic holds a special position among the rights and freedoms while the Italian Constitutional Court has many times dealt with this problem in its judicial practice. The article focuses on the analysis of the selected case law of the Italian Constitutional Court in relation to health care, in particular the one relating to the issue of involuntary treatment and the principle of patient consent to health care, the limits of forced medical treatment, basic levels of health services as well as the constitutionality of the regulations relating to the issue of artificial fertilization (in vitro).

The place of constitutional right to health prevention in the system  of the freedoms and rights of persons and citizens

The right to health prevention protects one of the most important values of each person. The regulations concerning the right to health prevention are grounded in the article 68 of the April 2nd 1997 Constitution. In the Constitution the right to health prevention is placed among social, economic and cultural rights. However the construction of constitutional regulations and relationship of the right to health prevention to different regulations, in particular to the rule of respect of human dignity and the right to protection of human life shows the personal character of this right. The method of classification of the right to health prevention has very important role for determining how to implement it and for the range of warranty of protection.

The legal basis of the right to health care in Poland

The topic of the article is the analysis of legal basis governing the right to health in the Polish Republic. Polish health care system, which, in practice, implementing the right to health is characterized by far-reaching instability, but its basic foundations remain the same. Statutory regulations of 1989 are subject to constant change, and the solutions implemented constitutionality was challenged by the Constitutional Court. Also, the- re is currently no comprehensive vision of the health system, and all the changes were made so far is partial. Lack of comprehensive reforms, as well as the disorder in some areas of the health system by adopting the law uniformly regulating specific issues cau- sing adverse situations for beneficiaries and does not contribute to the stabilization of the legal system in this sector.

The paper considers issues regarding the right to health protection on the basis of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland of 1997 and the actual performance of the health protection system for the elderly. Particular attention is devoted to the constitutional guarantee of equal access to medical services. The purpose of this study is to check to what extent public guarantees of access to medical services are in conflict with the reality of the health protection system for the elderly.

Ecological security is a state in which air quality compliant with the standards of air protection is ensured for members of society. An air quality plan is a legal instrument serving the restoration of air quality to the level required by law as soon as possible in case of the emergence and the persistence of exceedances of such standards. Members of society fearing the influence of bad quality air on their health have the right to demand judicial control of the effectiveness of such a plan. The possibility of demanding the restoration of ecological security in such a way results from the guarantees given them at the constitutional and EU level. National courts in Poland, which is an EU Member State, are obliged to respect those guarantees.