The complexity of the concept of energy security  and its basic principles in the Constitution

One of the important dimensions of the evaluation of society existence is energy security. Providing the right framework for the electricity sector is the basis for the operation of this type of security in its economic dimension, and so this issue can be seen as one of the top priorities of energy policies. This raises the need for an appropriate legal framework to enable proper interaction of administration bodies responsible for the overall relations, both inside and outside the state. Associated with this is also the issue of the appropriate rank of the fundamental – constitutional – norms. The Polish example of a system of constitutional law shows that, despite the lack of a reference to this issue in the Constitution, by means of interpretation of “sustainable development” (art. 5 of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland) one can find the relevant legislation, allowing the chief state authorities to carry out the activity in relation to the issue of “energy security”.

This article deals with the importance of natural gas as an energy source in Polish energy policy. Its purpose is to analyze the extent to which natural gas can provide for ensuring state energy security. This article covers issues related to the diagnosis of the gas sector in Poland (the most important economic entities, the functioning of the gas market), its role in the national energy strategy and prospects for future gas use. The article points out that natural gas, although important for maintaining and securing state energy security, is, however, not crucial in this regard. Multiannual strategies envisage diversification of the way of generating energy, which means the opportunity for renewable energy sources (RES) and nuclear energy. Natural gas has a secondary meaning in this context.

Dynamic changes in the European climate policy are aimed at a drastic reduction of CO2 emissions. The Union’s policy has several social, economic, and political consequences. Therefore, it is subject to assessment from the perspective of the legal order, including the constitutional order of the Member States. Therefore, a question arises as to the compliance of the “Green Deal” policy with the Polish constitution. It can be very troublesome to answer them positively. The EU policy is not only implemented in the interest of the whole world, and its effectiveness is uncertain, if only due to the need for cooperation of the entire international community. An additional challenge may be the quite evident departure from the principle of sustainable development in favor of climate protection. Although the given questions are troublesome, they deserve attention and noticing an apparent collision.

Celem artykułu jest analiza i ocena współpracy między Polską i Stanami Zjednoczonymi w zakresie wdrażania w życie Inicjatywy Trójmorza. We wprowadzeniu zarysowano specyfikę i cele TSI oraz główne założenia metodologiczne artykułu. Dwie pierwsze części poświęcono odpowiednio geopolitycznemu i gospodarczemu znaczeniu TSI dla Polski oraz dla regionu Europy Środkowo- Wschodniej i USA. Zasadnicza część artykułu koncentruje się na wspólnych działaniach Polski i Stanów Zjednoczonych na rzecz promowania i wdrażania TSI. Problem badawczy zawiera się w dwóch pytaniach badawczych: Czy zainicjowanie przez Polskę TSI zwiększyło jej znaczenie w polityce zagranicznej i bezpieczeństwa USA? Czy Polsce skutecznie udało się włączyć USA do współpracy na rzecz rozwoju TSI? Dzięki inicjatywie Polska umocniła w USA wizerunek lidera regionu, a administracja Donalda Trumpa zdecydowanie poparła i zaangażowała się w projekt. Istnieją szanse dalszej współpracy w ramach TSI, ponieważ podejście administracji Joego Bidena do tego projektu jak dotąd jest pozytywne. Podczas badań skorzystano z metody analizy źródeł tekstowych.

On March 24, 2021, the First Senate of The German Federal Constitutional Court issued that part of the Federal Climate Change Act of December 12, 2019 (Federal Law Gazette I, p. 2513) must be deemed contrary to Basic Law. The fundamental reason underlying his conclusion was the failure of the federal legislator and the Federal Government to take suitable and prospectively sufficient measures to decrease greenhouse gasses (predominantly CO2) emissions. The Tribunal interpreted Art. 20a of the Basic Law, in conformity with the principle of intergenerational equity. By anchoring his reasoning in that concept, the Tribunal turned into an unclear and controversial path. It may serve to enhance radical political changes. However, on the other hand, it may also undermine the green change.

Nuclear energy in the Pomeranian Voivodeship. The essence of the problem

Characteristic of pomeranian voivodeship electricity sector, causes this region to struggle certain threats that affects is energy security. Solution for some of those threats might be a nuclear power plant that would be located on this voivodeship. Benefits would be seenable also for municipalities that are close to this investment and also for the whole country by reduce price for electricity. At the moment there are two seaside locations considered for the first nuclear power plant in Poland. The final choice will decide what kind of technology would likely be used.

Impact of artificial intelligence development on energy security and smart city management

The development of technology in recent years has carried with it the rise of new solutions aimed at simplifying many areas of life. One of them is artificial intelligence, the progress of which is definitely noticeable and undeniable. The purpose of the article is to present applications of AI in selected areas most important from the point of view of state management. Also, an attempt will be made to define artificial intelligence by interpreting its basic functions and objectives. The most important fields of AI activity from the point of view of the article are energy security and the development of smart cities. Many examples of solutions and software developed by various companies have been presented. Analysis of the implementation of artificial intelligence in the areas described has shown that today it supports the processes taking place in them, although it is not an essential element of their functioning, it carries significant development potential. In conclusion, it has been shown that the development of artificial intelligence is not free of risks, including overdependence on it, the replacement of human labor with machine labor, and if the development of AI will not encounter an obstacle in the form of undeveloped technology.