Celem artykułu jest analiza zależności pomiędzy procesami migracyjnymi zachodzącymi na obszarze państwa a jego „otwartością”. Poziom „otwartości” zostaje zdeterminowany, w zaproponowanym ujęciu, ściśle określonym układem relacji zachodzących na linii religia – społeczeństwo – państwo, które prowadzą do ukształtowania jednego z trzech porządków: asymetrycznego (Polska), pozasymetrycznego (Czechy) i symetrycznego (Niemcy). Zestawienie oraz porównanie trzech sąsiadujących ze sobą krajów członkowskich Unii Europejskiej (metoda komparatystyczna i systemowa) pozwala na uchwycenie i potwierdzenie obustronnych zależności. Pokazuje, że skala i dynamika procesów migracyjnych staje się predyktorem „otwartości” współczesnych systemów demokratycznych. Zdecydowanie najwyższym poziomem tak definiowanej „otwartości” cechują się Niemcy, będące, z jednej strony, przykładem symetrycznego układu relacji religia – społeczeństwo –państwo, a z drugiej, architektem europejskiej polityki wobec masowych ruchów ludności z Bliskiego Wschodu i Afryki Północnej.

“Soviet citizens” in Poznań region in 1945–1949

The article discusses the fate of individuals of interest of the Soviet authorities and deemed the USSR citizens. Some of them were forced labourers on their way back home from Germany and the occupied countries. A large part of them were inhabitants of Wielkopolska who used to have Russian or Soviet citizenship. The article presents treatment thereof in Wielkopolska in 1945-1949.

Celem artykułu jest wyjaśnienie problemu migracji jako konsekwencji manipulacji tożsamością etniczną w regionie Wielkich Jezior Afrykańskich. Teza artykułu opiera się na założeniu, że migracje stanowią w dużej mierze skutek tożsamości etnicznej. Problem badawczy, choć nie należy do najnowszych, nadal jest aktualny, czego dowodzą liczne konflikty na tle tożsamościowym w tej części Afryki.

Educational trips made by girls in Galicia, Eastern Europe, in the 19th and 20th centuries – a case study of the Załuski family

The article shows the changes in the education of girls from magnate families in Galicia in the 19th century. The memories of didactic travels of the women from the Załuski family were analyzed. Studies shows how young ladies learned under the tutelage of governess.

The author assumes that the problem of migration is inscribed in the development of man and cultures. Treating inherited culture as an inalienable value, the basis for awareness and creation of the paradigm of the coexistence of cultures. Author points to the currently dominant principles of global politics. Points out that people belonging to the same global civilization should actively participate in the process of creating a global paradigm of the coexistence of cultures by planning and undertaking educational activities supporting the adaptation processes, shaping awareness of borderland functioning and related intercultural competences. The final effect in the proposed model is a balanced identity system that the Author perceives and analyzes in three areas (inherited, individually shaped and socially realized), in three time periods (past, present, anticipated future) and many dimensions of individual identity (biological, psychological, economic, cultural, intellectual, existential, etc.) and also many dimensions of socio-cultural identity (family, parish, local, regional, religious, ethnic, national, state, continental, global).

The article presents a proposal of the psycho-pedagogical transcultural diagnosis model of migrant’s problems. A ground to this type of models and procedures, based on the main assumptions of contemporary theories of transculturalism, creates a consequence of the fact, that it is one of the most significant characteristics of our times, as well as the fact that the transculturation process among this social group is currently a very dynamic one. In the model presented hereby (due to the practical and innovative nature of pedagogy and in response to the need of diagnostic models and procedures modification postulated by migration experts) the specificity of progress and blockades symptoms of immigrants’ adaptation were also taken into account - with regard to phases of adaptation and integration processes in the social, psychological, didactic, care and educational spheres.

Italian Migration Policy

Italy, due to it is geographical location, is extremely exposed to migratory movements. Over the past few decades, the Republic has undergone a far-reaching transformation from sending to receiving country. A country in which a migration policy practically did not exist had to build it from scratch quite quickly, which was associated with many of its disadvantages, reformed over time. A breakthrough moment was the migration crisis initiated in 2011 and caused by the Arab Spring in North Africa. It was a real test not only for the Italian migration policy, but in retrospect also for the entire European Union, where, unfortunately, there was no enough solidarity.

The existing borders have very often lost their meaning and do not fulfil the functions assigned to them for many centuries. Today, especially in Europe, many borders are “dematerialized” and exist mostly in the memory and consciousness of people. Contemporary academic youth is in a special situation – they participate in the rapidly changing sociocultural world and, at the same time, experience some phenomena that have never been present on such a large scale. The reflection upon the young, learning generation of Czechs, Poles and Slovaks is associated with an attempt to find answers to many questions, among which those regarding plans for the future and the sense of life satisfaction seem to be of great significance. What I have recognized as important is finding out if the young plan their future during their studies and/or work abroad and how they assess their sense of life satisfaction, taking into account two aspects – their family life and financial situation.

Demographic problems of Poland

This paper analyses and discusses the basic demographic problems of Poland in the recent years. The decreasing number of Poles is the result of a rapid decline in the total fertility rate of Polish women and the emigration of mostly young people to West European and other countries in search of work and better conditions for living Those highly negative phenomena accelerate the process of ageing of Poland’s population which has the grave consequences to further socio-economic development of this country. Some solutions of those problems were discussed and assessed in the second part of this paper with special emphasis on the recent demographic policy carried out in Poland.

Young Polish migration to the Netherlands

Life of Polish community abroad is hard to define, due to globalization and another process, which are creating the culture and civilization reality. Polish immigrants in the Netherlands are the representatives of specific migration waves. Young Polish emigration come to the Netherlands thanks to job agencies. Polish immigrants works in agriculture, architecture or they are self-employed. In Dutch people opinion Polish immigrants are considered to be drinkers, bad drivers, people, who don’t speak Dutch. 30% of Dutch society have skeptic view of Polish immigrants. In 2014 28% of European citizens are Polish.

Currently, Türkiye is a country with the largest number of refugees in the world. Over 3.7 million of them come from Syria. At the beginning of the migration crisis which affected European Union member states, Türkiye as a transit destination provided refugees with a place at Temporary Accommodation Centers (TACs). After signing the agreement with the European Union (on March, 21 2016) and with the increasing number of refugees in Türkiye, it became impossible to place all of them in refugee camps. Syrians began to migrate not only to border cities and towns, but also to Istanbul and other Turkish metropolises. This article aims to show the impact of refugees on the situation of Istanbul and other Turkish cities. The analysis is intended to answer the following questions: how did refugees change the structure of Turkish cities? How did the migrations of the Syrian community affect the border cities of Türkiye and the metropolises in the western and central part of the country? Which socio-economic problems did the increase in the number of refugees generate in Türkiye? What kind of social problems arose in Turkish cities with the arrival of Syrian refugees?

International conditions of the IT sector development in Belarus and the reasons for emigration of Belarusian IT specialists in 2020–2021

The aim of the article is to indicate the relevant factors shaping economic migrations from the perspective of the theory of international relations. The article concerns a crucial period for the immigration of IT workers from Belarus, i.e. the second half of 2020 and the first half of 2021. From the point of view of the theory of international relations, it should pay attention to two levels in research on the issues of economic cooperation: domestic and international one. In the article, the author will point out the link between migration and the international and political conditions of the development of the IT sector in Belarus. The research hypothesis put forward by the author is related to the link between the causes of migration and the economic and political conditions that developed in Belarus in the 21st century. Authoritarian systems, according to the author, may favor economic development and create conditions for running a business in a specific way, but the security of such activity itself is limited.

Mobility of young adults from Central and Eastern European countries – a Polish-Czech-Slovak-Ukrainian comparative study

The young generation is treated as the future of society. This generation’s size, skills and knowledge, as well as economic activity, socio-cultural involvement, marital intentions and family (procreation) plans determine the quality of society. Thus, an important issue is the outflow of young people who decide to migrate abroad. It is therefore important to recognize both the current experiences and the life plans of the young generation in this field. In post-communist countries, the fall of the communist system had a major impact on the increase in mobility. Political, sociocultural and economic changes have contributed to the emergence of new migration-related phenomena and the so-called fluid migration, characterized by free movement of labour, massiveness, diversity and plasticity. The surveyed youth from Poland, the Czech Republic and Slovakia have experiences related to functioning within open borders, unlike the youth from Ukraine, where the borders are closed. Wioletta Danilewicz notices the existence of the so-called migration culture, i.e. the acceptance (by the participants of migration processes) that these are phenomena constituting an inherent element of their lives, despite their awareness of the unfavourable co-occurring elements. The research results presented in the text indicate that the surveyed young adults do not fully follow this trend.