Digital government became synonymous with modern, innovative state structures in which information and communications technologies play a key role – both in the realm of public and commercial services. However, the process of digitization is not free of disturbances. Oftentimes, the source of the latter is the so-called human factor. That is why, what is vital is the social research diagnosing how e-services are received, with the research assessing the level of knowledge on the dangers connected therewith or else, describing the expectations towards the services provided online. Neglecting such research usually leads up to the misallocation of public resources. This paper presents the results of the research conducted among the inhabitants of Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, with the research testing their attitudes towards public e-services.

Political Elites and Their Role in Society in the Context of Constitutional Civic Values

In the general consciousness, political elites make a significant contribution to both shaping civic attitudes and consolidating democracy. Hence it is very important source of their recruitment, the authority enjoyed by (or not) in society, and finally determined the directions of its development, the principles of the political system and the measures taken to civic and political participation. The quality of the elite, their condition, on the one hand, is a reflection of the state of society, but on the other hand, it is a source of best practices for citizens. One can risk the thesis that political elites are a signpost of political behavior, whose source lies in civic values defined not only in the political culture of Poles, but also in the Constitution of the Republic of Poland of April 2, 1997.

Act of March 11, 2022. on defense of the Homeland is a classic example of an “executive act” for the constitutional regulation of issues related to state security, including military security. The Homeland Defence Act contains the so far missing specification of the normative solutions contained in the Constitution of the Republic of Poland of April 2, 1997. They concern in particular the development of regulations concerning the following constitutional issues: the Armed Forces of the Republic of Poland, the duty of a Polish citizen to defend the Homeland, the President of the Republic as the supreme commander of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Poland and the Council of Ministers as the body that ensures the external security of the state and exercises general management in the field of national defense. The main goal of the legislator is to replace the archaic and incompatible with the current needs and tasks of the Polish state and the Armed Forces of the Republic of Poland regulations contained in the Act of November 21, 1967. on the general duty to defend the Republic of Poland.