In the education industry, it is critical to understand the expectations of students concerning providing the best educational experience. Thus, in higher education institutions (HEI) the adoption of customer-oriented approaches in the management practice is widespread. The customer-oriented approach regarding students as customers has been discussed in academic literature from several perspectives. However, it has been rarely studied from the point of view of comparing public and private universities. The presented study tried to apply a student-customer orientation questionnaire (SCOQ) to investigate differences between student expectations of their educational experience in public vs. private universities. The sample consisted of 238 undergraduate students in Indonesia’s higher education institutions. The study found interesting differences within the student-customer-oriented variables between university types in terms of graduation, curriculum design, communication with service staff, classroom studies, individual studies and course design.

The school protest in the Polish part of Russia and Germany that took place in 1907 forced young Poles to educational emigration. In Galicia, Polish-language academic institutions have developed a new elite. Together with Polish graduates of Western European universities turned out to be the main factor consolidating society around the idea of rebuilding the state. In the revived Second Republic of Poland, academic circles proved a counterbalance to autocratic rule in 1926-1939. The more so because the number of universities increased from 8 to 32 and they represented a high, world class level of education. After 1945, the rapid reconstruction of Polish universities and the consolidation of the academic community have prevented the communists from taking over higher education. In addition, after the turn of 1956, the autonomy of Polish universities was expanded despite the riots in 1968. Martial law and the breakdown of Solidarność resulted in taking over the function of socio-political opposition by academic circles up to 1989. In turn, the breakthrough made at that time was also thank to Polish elites, but at the same time led to a rapid development of the number of universities and the birth of academic capitalism. An attempt to violate the autonomy of universities in 2005-2007 stimulated the academic community and contributed to the collapse of the PiS government in 2007. Universities and the elites educated in them are in the long run more important for society than the institution of the state, material or economic resources, or armed forces. From this perspective, the Polish case confirms the proposed thesis and the visibility of the third function: supporting democratization processes in the society.

Using the Atti della Nazione Polacca at the University of Padua as a main source, the author describes the role that this university played in the education of students from the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth from the 16th to 18th centuries. According to the author’s research, this role was crucial in the 16th century, when a significant part of Polish elites included a stay at this university in their curriculum. In the 17th century, the number of students from Poland-Lithuania studying in Padua decreased slowly but continuously, and in the 18th century, the number was marginal. In the period under discussion, the social structure of this group significantly changed: students looking to acquire knowledge that was necessary for their future professional career were gradually replaced by young men of aristocratic and noble families, for whom a visit in Padua, be it long or short, was only a stage in their educational European Grand Tour. According to the author, this can be explained by intellectual changes in Polish-Lithuanian society: a general and rather superficial education was gradually preferred to university-based and professionally-provided knowledge. A study of selected travel diaries supplemented and confirmed the results of the presented statistical analysis. All Polish travellers visiting Padua in the 16th and 17th centuries described the University and considered it as the most important institution of the city; meetings with compatriot students were also often mentioned. Later on, the University was no longer the obvious subject of the descriptions and 18th-century travellers often did not even mention it at all. Nevertheless, there is still available evidence that the Polish presence in Padua, although reduced, was visible and important for the city.

Italy, seen as the cradle of European culture and the destination of the wanderings of Polish intellectuals and artists, often appears in the Polish press of the late-19th and early-20th centuries. Among the cities described, Padua is present, although it appears less frequently than Venice or Rome. Articles dedicated to this city, however, have a particular character, because not only is “Padova la dotta” famous for the cult of Saint Anthony, but it is most often presented in the contexts of centuriesold Italian-Polish relations linked mostly to the University and of the Paduan polonica. There are in fact two moments that find a particular resonance in the Polish press: the first, in 1922, for the seventh centenary of the University, and the second, in 1931, for the celebrations of the seventh centenary of Saint Anthony’s death. This article offers a review of the texts that have appeared in various periodicals and includes a brief presentation of the authors—scholars, artists, or journalists active in the promotion of Italian culture. From the texts published both in newspapers and in cultural magazines or even scientific periodicals, the image of the city emerges as strongly marked by the presence of Poles, who were students, university professors, or pilgrims.

The article presents an analysis of the transformations in private space and spatial practices manifested by students in connection with long-term online university education during the COVID-19 pandemic. The text includes a presentation of the results of a series of four focus group interviews carried out in 2021 via Zoom platform with students drawn from a few Polish colleges. The research sample was diversified in terms of gender, field of study, type of college, and mode of study. The research suggests key dimensions shaping the experience of remote university study: the spatial dimension, technological dimension and the organisational-educational dimension. Four basic kinds of student experiences are presented as well. The analyses also include a description of spatial practices such as: changing or adapting space for remote university education, negotiating spatial boundaries and attempts to ameliorate conflicts resulting from the interaction of diverse social roles and institutional orders in the same domestic space.

Th is paper explores the relations of concern, pessimism and neuroticism in two groups of young people, students in their fi nal year of high school, and senior undergraduates of diff erent faculties. In this research, we further want to check at what level these cognitive elements are expressed in young as well as whether there is a diff erence between the sexes. Th e study included 274 participants, average age of 20 from the South-Western Serbia. Th e following instruments were used: Scale of optimism / pessimism, Penn state questionnaire of concerns and GEN questionnaire for generalized neuroticism. Th e results showed that young people have a higher concern, pessimism, and that 17.9% of young people in our sample were neurotic. Female gender is more concerned and neurotic when compared to males.

At work, distance learning methods have been compared in Silesian University of Technology in Gliwice (Poland) and Hankuk University of Foreign Studies in Seoul (South Korea). The results of the empirical research among the academic teachers and students conducted in both universities are similar: distance learning is not satisfying for both groups and it is not effective.

The article analyses short-term student mobility. In the context of internationalisation of higher education and the development of the global market of educational services universities develop and implement short-term programmes of student mobility in order to recruit international students. These programmes are less restricted than full time programmes, which allows them to meet the needs and expectations of students. International experience gained as a result gives them the opportunity to choose their path in postgraduate education in institutions abroad. A questionnaire survey of the Chinese students participating in the short-term student mobility programmes (n=31) is reported. In addition, a number of interviews with the staffwhose work is connected with teaching overseas students (n=5) was conducted in 2019. The findings of this research may demonstrate that Chinese students intend to become familiar with an additional set of common cultural competences. In other words, their interest in Russia, its history, culture, traditions and customs is becoming a strong motivation in choosing a university and a short-term educational programme. It could be the case that low language proficiency, bureaucracy, (namely, difficulties in acquiring the necessary paperwork and being accommodated in a hall of residence) become hurdles on the way to completing such a programme successfully. While developing programmes, host universities should be guided by common cultural competences in order to promote further development of short-term student mobility.

Recent years have witnessed particular awareness of, and societal demand for, professional ethics. Increasing emphasis is being placed on the importance of including ethical considerations in university education, and on the decisive role played by universities in achieving rounded professional development. The ethical aspects of professional practice are seen to be essential for producing competent, effective professionals. The presented research addresses this issue in the context of aspiring professionals currently undergoing training, and aims to determine their attitudes and perceptions in response to certain key ethical issues. To this end, a mixed research methodology (first qualitative, and subsequently quantitative) was employed. The results reveal important pedagogical issues to be taken into account when designing professional training programmes, in line with the current trajectory of university didactics.

The COVID-19 pandemic has leftits mark on higher education, including first-year university students. The transition to online education has been particularly challenging for the University of Silesia and, to a far lesser extent, the International University of Applied Sciences. This study examines the academic experiences of first-year students entering university in the academic year 2020/2021. This article presents the results of a comparative study conducted on a sample of N=185 students from the University of Silesia (Poland) and N=120 students from the University of Applied Sciences (Germany) using an online questionnaire. The research showed that German students ranked the investigated issues higher; this does not mean that the University of Silesia provides a lower level of support, but that the information strategy and support elements are different.

The participatory budget is an important element of the catalogue of tools for involving residents in the local decision-making. The positive effects of involving many citizens in the decision-making process slowly bear fruit in attempts to transfer p.b. into other spheres. This article analyses how these well-known patterns are adapted to new conditions – at universities. Several of them decided to introduce their own participatory budget. A comparative analysis of the local government model and solutions adopted by three universities provides the answer to this question. The hypothesis assumes that the civic budget at universities and polytechnics is, for the most part, a modification of the model used in cities with district status. As shown, the municipal participatory budget is a proven basis for creating its own regulations. However, the available schemes should be modified.

Aggressive behaviour is a menace that has lasting consequences on the victims and the perpetrator, which could result in school avoidance, poor academic performance, dropout, and others. Thus, the study investigated the correlation between self-concept and aggressive behaviour among undergraduate students of the University of Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria. The stratified random sampling technique was adopted to select 720, with 386 male and 334 female participants. An instrument titled “Self-concept and Aggressive Behaviour Questionnaire (SABQ)” was used to collect data for the study. The instrument was subjected to test-retest reliability, and a value of r=77 was obtained. The research questions were answered using mean summation and average, while the hypotheses were tested with Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation and the t-test statistics. The results revealed a low level of self-concept among respondents; males have a lower self-concept than female undergraduate students. There was a high level of aggressive behaviour among respondents; males have more aggressive behaviour than females. There was significant mean difference between male and female respondents in their self-concept and aggressive behaviour. It was recommended that school guidance counsellors design and implement programmes that could enhance self-concept and reduce aggressive behaviour among undergraduate students of universities.

Image of the present Polish academicism

Summary It is indicated in the lecture that higher education (universities) is one of the fundamental entities that change the image of cultural and civilizational life. Nowadays, its existence in Poland is based on the European Union projects, including rules of so called the Bologna process. Changes in the image and development of the Polish academicism that have been taking place, became subject of deep criticism made by scientific communities, as well as broad public opinion. In the process of these changes a clash between traditional values and information society creation was revealed. A particularly critical attitude towards the present development of academicism at the University is presented by representatives of humanities and social sciences.

Global Citizenship Education at university has been developed in Spain with the continued support of the Official Development Assistance and collaboration of Non-Gobvernment Organizations. In recent years, this assistance is suffering a drastic decrease in funding. Due to this situation, Spanish nonprofits and the University must enhance their collaboration in order to make a better use of the resources available. This article details a method for determining the collaboration factors in activities of Global Citizenship Education at university through the prioritization of experts’ preferences of collaboration. For this, it uses a quantitative technique called the Analytical Hierarchy Process on a sample of Global Citizenship Education professionals all over Spain. The results provide criteria that may help to establish a most suitable and collaborative action plan for Global Citizenship Education in the university space in the new changing reality.

The article is devoted to problem of the relationship between university and contemporary culture. There are following main areas of the analysis: equality and inequality of educational opportunity at the higher education level, a role of general and specialist training in the students' teaching, academic freedom, hierarchical structure of university and pluralism of academic discourse. All these subjects are analysed against the background of a broader social and cultural condition

The phenomenon of the Ukrainian national minority is well known in Bavaria. Despite the noticeable presence in Landtag, local universities, Bavarian Academy of Sciences, diplomatic offices and other institutions, they are not the most populous minority in the region. Moreover, in the early 2000s there was the Ukrainian school, Technical- Husbandry Institute and University which had the legal acts to offer education to not only Ukrainians but also to people of other nationalities. What opportunities are available to Ukrainians in Bavaria to benefit from favourable conditions and how is the local authority handling the matter of the Ukrainian institutions? The main objective of the research is to identify the main periods of Ukrainian presence in scientific and educational institutions in Bavaria, as well as research their status in the region. Moreover, the support of these institutions to Ukrainian refugees in 2022 will be studied. Examining the Ukrainian refugee situation in Europe, the article will also evaluate the utility of these institutions. As a final point, the study presents the capacity of these institutions to affect the integration of students into society nowadays.

The article constitutes an opinion expressed in a debate, held in various circles, concerning the quality of training in Polish institutions of higher education, with reference to the selected documents of the European Union. It presents a few issues connected with the factors determining the quality of training, and indicates a number of dilemmas related to their application.

Core value and related principles, qualities, attitudes as reflected in the University of Vienna Code of Ethics

This paper is an attempt to address the following research questions: What core value and its associated principles, qualities, and attitudes are reflected in the University of Vienna’s Code of Ethics? What perception of the university does this document reveal? The first part of this paper is a description of the essential historical facts pertaining to this university, its organizational structure and the formation of world elites. The second part explains the importance of the code of ethics as a means of helping to direct human conduct toward social, educational, and economic goals. The third part was focused on the main axiological quality (value), as well as the aretological (virtues/characteristics), normative (principles/norms) and behavioral qualities comprised in the content of the Code. The value marked most clearly in the Code of Ethics of the University of Vienna was responsibility. It is also a desirable attitude of university members that predisposes them to exhibit qualities such as honesty and loyalty. The principles of conduct specified in the Code included: legality, expediency, economy, openness, risk minimization, sustainable development, “face to face” communication in situations requiring confidentiality.

The text presents the empirical study aimed at understanding teachers’ opinions on designing and implementing a remote teaching - learning process. Research shows that the leading e-learning courses definitely focus on the acquisition of knowledge by students. It is recommended that teachers take action in developing their own strategies in remote teaching. The results of the research may be an important part in the discussion on online teaching that constantly takes place in the environment of teachers dealing with the media.

Profound transformations of civilization create new needs for the generating, processing, storing and transmitting of knowledge. New objectives arise due to these needs in various areas of social life. One of the important aspects of the undergoing transformations is the increasing significance of non-institutional processes of education, including the process of self-education, which still does not have the right position in the teaching theory and practice. There is a need to analyse the process from different perspectives, diverse contexts and on the grounds of various theories. The present article emphasizes the concept of the analysis of student self-education from the perspective of the subject undertaking the process in the context of the effects of university and the changes of reality. The presentation of the proposed analysis is of a teaching character based on cognitive theories of the development of personality.