The paper presents the results of research on the feelings of professional burnout in teachers of secondary schools. In its first part, a professional burnout model is presented, as well as symptoms and consequences of the burnout process. Then, main sources of burnout, common prevention strategies, and main areas where signs of burnout can occur are discussed. An important part of the paper is formed by the analysis of the results of a survey conducted among 315 teachers in the Lublin and Starachowice districts. It is worrying that, according to the research, every fifth teacher is characterised by very high or high level of the professional burnout feeling. Therefore, the necessity to prepare future teachers – already at the stage of their education – to cope with unusual educational situations and apply strategies preventing professional burnout, turns out to be of particular signifi cance. These issues are reflected on in the conclusions and recommendations for teachers, included in this paper.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between perceived stress and psychological well-being among parents of children with down syndrome. The relationship between perceiving one’s parenthood and well-being was also studied. The sample consisted of 126 parents (75 mothers and 51 fathers, aged 25-69) of children with down syndrome. our results show that ego-resiliency is a partial mediator of the relationship between perceived stress and psychological well-being. Moreover, there is a difference in well-being between parents who perceive their parenthood as a burden or challenge, and parents who report happiness and satisfaction.

Stres może być negatywny bądź pozytywny, jednak całkowity brak stresu można uznać za przejaw niedostosowania do możliwości jednostki. Długotrwały stres o różnym nasileniu dostarcza objawów ostrzegawczych związanych z obszarami funkcjonowania młodego człowieka. Młodzież doświadcza nadmiernego stresu, czego wynikiem są reakcje depresyjne, brak poczucia własnej wartości, reakcje agresywne. Jednak ostatni przejaw jest bardzo widoczny w postaci zwiększonego, niespokojnego zachowania. Dlatego w niniejszym opracowaniu podjęto próbę zdefiniowania stresu w ujęciu psychologicznym. Poza tym przedstawiono stres i radzenie sobie ze stresem. Podjęto rozważania na temat postrzegania stresu przez młodzież, zarządzania stresem. Zostaje omówiona rodzinna i instytucjonalna piecza zastępcza. Ponadto przedstawiono analizę SWOT. Instytucjonalnej pieczy zastępczej.

The trauma of COVID-19 in Polish metropolises – a case study of Kraków

The article presents the results of research on the socio-cultural trauma induced by the coronavirus pandemic. The research was conducted on a sample of 650 inhabitants of Kraków. The CAWI survey (Computer-Assisted Web Interview) was used in the research. The pandemic and concurrent phenomena resulted in a decrease in living standard. It is related to all the aspects of daily functioning. The rise of coronavirus and its rapid spreading made people lose their existential security. Their current world became uncertain, which resulted in fear and anxiety among individuals. Anxiety, sadness, exhaustion, boredom and loneliness are present among dominant emotions. The presence of negative emotions indicates that the pandemic strongly influenced the emotional and mental lives of the respondents. As a response to the rising trauma, the inhabitants of Kraków mainly applied active strategies of coping with it. It is worth adding that the traumatic process has just been triggered and along with subsequent negative effects, which reveal themselves in the post-pandemic reality, it will accumulate and have a destructive impact on society.

Stress and anxiety experienced at school is negatively correlated with school achievements and mental health. Experiencing stress and anxiety is common for young people of school age from all over the world. Previous experiences have significant influence on children’s self-efficacy and their self-confidence. Students’ school experiences are the main subject of this text. This article presents results of longitudinal studies among children from primary school. In 2016 a questionnaire was distributed among children in 2ⁿd and 3rd grade (N=82). In 2019 the same survey was conducted among the same children in 4t and 5t grade (N=82). Aft er several years of education students declare higher levels of stress and anxiety and lower levels of self-confidence and beliefs in their abilities in situations when they are evaluated at the board. Results of the research disclose a disquieting tendency in school experience.

The article discusses the concept of “meaning-making” and age crises as one of the main categories of psychology, and their relationship with the humanities. Existing scientific developments do not pay enough attention to the study of conscious motives and meaning in adults. The practical relevance of this problem is determined, on the one hand, by dynamic processes in the education system, on the other hand - the need to increase life experience, improve the quality of life in general. The article presents a semantic model of the process of meaning-making. The system of meaning-making is connected with the educational system, which includes the semantic sphere. The structure of the system of meaningmaking is the interaction of objects of social development of ways of thinking, views, and cultural activities. The article also describes the concept of age crisis and how it depends on meaning-making. Age development to a new qualitatively specific stage of meaning-making is characterized by abrupt psychological changes in a person’s life. The processes and psychological features of meaningmaking of adults is studied in the current uncertainty of the social, economic, and political situation which forces a person to constantly determine their position and view of the world. The solution of this important question is primarily associated with the activity of a person’s consciousness, which is aimed at identifying the meanings of ongoing events, the constant search for new meanings on the basis of which it would be possible to determine one’s place and vital role in the changing reality. It is found that meaning-making of a personality, its clear awareness, and its reliability are determined by viability, professional, family, and age self-determination in life, which depends on an individual, their life position, sociopsychological, and social maturity and activity. Based on the empirical study, it is concluded that age largely determines the importance of life values and spheres for a person, the level of realization of value orientations, the level of motivation and the level of self-actualization of the adult personality.

Problems of motherhood and childhood during the war: socio-philosophical analysis

Mother and child are unique structures whose connection is socially and biologically determined, as well as necessary for their full existence. The article considers the peculiarities of the situation of motherhood and childhood during the war, from the point of view of philosophical science, on the example of the war in Ukraine in 2022. An analysis of the literature on the location of the studied objects during the First and Second World Wars. The peculiarities of women’s reproductive health during the war have been studied on the example of historical references from the siege of Leningrad. The peculiarities of the psychological state of children who have experienced war have been identified, and the prospects for the development of such children have been described. Categories of children who received «war trauma» have been developed. The family in wartime is a mirror of the dynamic processes in society. Parental or maternal instinct – is essential in ensuring the viability of children. Mature maternal identity is able to ensure the harmonious existence of two personalities – mother and child. The concept of PTSD is studied. The mechanisms of stress on the human body as a balanced biological system are described. Philosophical approaches to the issue of death and war are studied. Death is considered the most mysterious phenomenon of philosophical thought, which is considered taboo in society. In terms of historical retrospect, the attitude to death is changing, which is a natural result of the development of science. War is seen as a controversial component of society, but with mostly negative consequences in both social and economic aspects. Paying attention to the devastating consequences of any war, both material and psycho-emotional, one can find archaic origins. The fear of war is a reflection of the deep fear of death. Peculiarities of philosophical concepts concerning the phenomenon of care are analyzed. Recommendations for the upbringing of a positive personality of a child during the war are given. Conclusions are drawn about the consequences of each war for any community. War, in a broad sense, is an instantaneous start of dynamic processes in society, which is expressed in all areas of human life. The worst damage to war is to children. From an early age, children can store and interpret memories of past events, and thus become aware of the surrounding reality. The mother is a key resource for the child’s sense of security, as well as a guarantee of its comprehensive and harmonious development, even in times of war.

This paper aims to shed some light on the correlation between teacher stress, on the one hand, and motivation of teachers and students, on the other hand – observed in an EFL environment. The data sample comprising responses given by EFL teachers and students from the primary education cycle was collected via the teacher stress measurement scale and motivation for learning scale, applied for teachers and students, respectively. Apart from the basic descriptive statistics used to describe the relationship between the variables, the paper’s methodology is also characterised by applying the Pearson correlation coefficient. The results led to interesting conclusions; while, as expected, workload directly affects stress levels of teachers, who, following the results, are highly motivated to work with teenagers, contrary to what could be believed, teacher motivation is not directly related to student motivation, what could be further analysed in the future studies.

Features of orientations in difficult situations of tourism business managers at different stages of professional genesis

The article presents the results of an empirical study of coping factors that reflect the content of types of orientations in difficult situations in tourism business managers at different stages of professional genesis. Based on the theoretical analysis of scientific sources, it is stated that the professional activity of personnel employed in the tourism industry is characterized by stress resulting from various problem situations. The scientific achievements of modern scientists on the problem of coping of stress by tourism managers are considered. It is noted that research on the coping behavior of tourism professionals intensified only during the COVID-19 pandemic, which caused a crisis in the tourism industry. The urgency of deploying research of coping strategies of managers in the psychology of tourism in a broader perspective is emphasized. The total sample consisted of 216 persons. The first group consisted of 144 fourth-year students majoring in Tourism. The second group included 72 specialists with experience in the field of tourism from 7 to 10 years. To solve the empirical problems, the questionnaire “Types of orientations in difficult situations” by K. Bytjuc’ka and O. Kornjejev was used to diagnose coping factors that outline the orientation of the research efforts to approach the problem situation or avoid difficult circumstances. Student’s t-test for independent samples was used for mathematical and statistical data processing. Significantly higher indicators for students are set on the scales «Striving for difficulties», «Obstacle orientation», «Escape», «Inaction» and «Insouciance». These data reflect a contradictory combination of orientations on rapprochement with the problem situation and its avoidance. The identified features of the types of orientations in difficult situations in students - future managers of the tourism business determine the likelihood of difficulties in forming their professional competence and ability to perform professional tasks. Specialists with professional experience demonstrate significantly higher performance on the scales «Thoroughness», «Threat alert» and «Opportunity orientation». The obtained empirical results prove the expediency of improving the psychological training of tourism professionals and emphasize the relevance of creating a program of psychological support and its implementation in the system of professional education of tourism professionals

The paper aimed to analyse the level of depression, anxiety and stress of female teachers and determine its association with the subjects’ psychosocial, sociodemographic, and lifestyle characteristics. A survey based on Depression Anxiety Stress Scale and International Physical Activity Questionnaire was carried out. Among teachers, 27.3% reported moderate or higher overall levels of negative emotional symptoms. Teachers with low physical activity level (PAL) were likelier to report higher levels of depression, anxiety, and stress than those with moderate or high PAL. The study indicates the importance of PA interventions for maintaining mental health in this group.

Stressed-out Youth – Participants of Music Festivals and Stress (Evaluation of the Phenomenon among Teenagers and Young Adults)

Purpose: Stress is inseparable part of life. It is an occurrence which influes on individual life, both on health and family and social aspects. Stress is apply to everyone, independently on age, so important is recognition main stressors and ways of copy with stress, especially on young people, and that was the purpose of questionnaire research during music festivals. Method: Author’s questionnaire. We researched 1131 visitors music festivals: Festival name R.Riedla bad Przystanek Woodstock. 45% of them were women and 55% men; medium age +/ – 20 years. Results: Researched people declared their level of stress on 3-4 points in 6-points scale. 2/3 of them claimed that surroundings is a couse of stress. 2/3 young people said that their knowledge about stress is not enough, and only 2% of them use specialized help. In difficult life situations, if they want to cut down their level of stress, they the most often use alcohol. Conclusion: Knowledge about stress is not enough. Women and men have different ways of copy with stress. The most often young people exert passive methods of liquidate everyday difficulties.

This study deals with burnout as a multifactor phenomenon, which is a state of complete mental, somatic, cognitive, and behavioral exhaustion. The aim is to provide an analysis of burnout, its causes, symptoms, developmental stage, and diagnostic methods. The study reported burnout as one of the manifestations of the contemporary developed, hurried, and consumer society, which is characterized by an increased pace of life and ever-growing economic and social demands. The first part of the analysis found burnout on a general level and in specific the profession of a university teacher. The first part of the study focuses on the characteristics of burnout, its reasons and various influencing variables, as well as the most vulnerable individuals. Another part of the study presents the different stages of burnout, which differ in various stages of development. In the next section, burnout relative to the profession of university teacher, which is characterized by specific forms and load requirements, is presented. At the conclusion of the study, the prevention of burnout, which should take place on a personal, organizational, and work level, is taken into account. Attention is drawn to the methods of diagnosing burnout. In essence, the study provides a comprehensive presentation of burnout, which creates potential and increasing threats to the form of the individual. The aim of the study was to develop a systematic approach to look at burnout as a gradual process with a set of cumulative and interrelated symptoms.

This paper focuses on the connection between workload and job satisfaction among teachers. Research and everyday observation show that the teaching profession brings many highly satisfying situations in combination with situations of increased load, whose negative consequences probably have negative effects on job satisfaction. However, in the case of teachers we can observe a relatively high level of job satisfaction despite relatively high levels of subjective load. A possible explanation may lie in the fact that teachers, at least those who voluntarily remain in their profession, probably manage to counterbalance their (either genuine or perceived) excessive workload by means of other factors when evaluating their work in its entirety. These factors include personality traits related to performance dispositions, temperament, the tendency to select suitable coping strategies, or attempts to maintain a healthy lifestyle, plus – as this research shows – various characteristics with a positive effect on stress management (neuropsychological stability, hardiness, sense of coherence, optimism, etc.).