Legal status and financing of political parties in Canada

Canada, as an Anglo-Saxon law system arose, with influences of the American legislation, it has not regulated the status of political parties on the constitutional level. Basis of the existence of political parties in Canada, is the Canadian Charter of rights and freedoms. Rules for the registration and financing of political parties in Canada was systematized in the second half of the 20th century. Currently, the activity of political parties shall be governed by the Canada Elections Act of 2004 and Financial Administration. As a general rule, political parties in Canada should be divided into registered and unregistered. In addition to a number of other rights, registered parties are entitled to special conditions of the financing of their activities. Canadian financing of political parties is the subject of discussion since the 1960s and is based on three pillars: donations from private individuals, funding from the state budget (CA. 2 Canadian dollars for each vote) and reimbursement of election campaign expenses (50% in the case of an overrun of the threshold of 2% of the vote on a national scale). It should be noted that supervision of the activities of political parties in Canada have the Chief Electoral Officer and Chairman of the Central Election Commission.

The legal empowerment of Polish Accreditation Committee in the State

Considerations carried out in this publication are an attempt to locate The Polish Accreditation Committee in a Polish tripartite power and competences division system The paper also aims to establish legal basis and character of Committee’s actions as well as the compatibility of those actions with the constitutional directives and moreover to establish the legal status of Committee’s members. The essence of the research is an attempt to try to provide an answer to the question about the location of the Constitution in the legal-organizational system of the Polish state. In order to do so the author analyzed the legal regulation, on the basis of which the Committee is founded, its members are appointed and its tasks and competences were granted. An effort taken in the paper to explain the phenomenon of the independence of the activity of The Committee as an institution invoked by an organ of the state ad- ministration is of a great importance.

Legal status of judges in Finland. Theoretical and legal analysis

The legal status of judges, based on ensuring their autonomic and independent functioning, is a fundamental attribute of the system of justice, a prerequisite and a guarantee of the implementation of the principle of a democratic legal state. It is not different in the Finnish constitutional system. The aim of this study is to analyze the legal status of judges in Finland. The subject of the analysis covers the examination of the qualifications required from candidates for the post of a judge, the procedures for their appointment and dismissal, and the attributes of the realization of their autonomic and independent status. The legal analysis has been conducted on the grounds of the provisions of the Basic Law of 1999 regarding the status of judges and the provisions of the relevant laws on courts and the appointment of judges. This study allowed to conclude that the above guarantees enable the objective and impartial functioning of the judiciary in Finland in accordance with the principle of a democratic state ruled by law, as in terms of adjudication courts are fully autonomic and independent and are not subject to state control, while court judgments are the last resort guaranteeing parties respect for their rights in relations with the state.