Procedure for amending the Constitution of the Fifth French Republic

The Constitution of the Republic of France is an act of force longer than other French constitutions. Since 1958, 24 amendments were carried out, which leads to the conclusion that the procedure should not change it to overly stringent. However, the French amendment of the constitution is implemented under clearly different from the legislative process, which makes treated as rigid. This allows to assume that the authors of the Constitution of the Fifth Republic has managed to create a fundamental law stabilizing the state system, but allowing its evolution under the influence of changing realities.This study is an analysis of the procedure for amending the Constitution of the French Republic in order to determine what legal structures used to achieve this effect.

Artykuł prezentuje wyniki analizy telewizyjnego orędzia prezydenta Francji Emmanuela Macrona z dnia 16 marca 2020 roku. Stanowi ono przyczynek do wskazania na znaczenie we współczesnym dyskursie politycznym odwoływania się do logiki strachu i poczucia zagrożenia. Analiza treści pozwoliła wskazać najważniejsze cechy retoryki strachu, jaka zdominowała prezydenckie przemówienie pełne sensacyjnych metafor i wojennych odniesień, będących doskonałym przykładem moralnej paniki w czasie kryzysu, w którym zwiększa się zapotrzebowanie na informację. Analizą dyskursu objęto leksykalne i składniowe środki językowe, gdzie niezwykle częste metafory wojenne dają możliwość manipulacji opinią społeczną i wdrażania koncepcji uodpowiedzialnienia obywateli.

French economic mission in Poland in 1929

The French economic mission that came to Poland in 1929, has two aims: to visit the General National Exhibition in Poznań and to check how the interests of French companies in Poland were going. At the same time the two countries signed economic contract.

Organized crime in Italy and its impact on organized crime in some European countries

This article presents some Italian criminal organizations that have expanded their activities outside Italy. The factors influencing the shaping of criminal groups are also presented and the history of selected groups of this type is described. The origins of the word mafia were made. Types of organized crime were presented. The directions of emigration of Italian groups were indicated.

The Guarantor or an Arbitrator? The Role of the President of the Republic of Poland in the Light of Art. 126 sec. 1 of the Polish Constitution

The author of the study claims that assigning the role of an arbitrator to the President of the Republic of Poland is incorrect. It is a misleading reference to the constitutional position of the President of the Fifth French Republic, who vests much stronger power. It deprives the function of the guarantor of the continuity of power, referred to in Art. 126 (1) of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland, of its content and systemic significance. The President of the Republic is not impartial and apolitical and takes part in the implementation of state policy. These features prevent him from taking a neutral position towards the participants in the conflict and from resolving it impartially. In addition, the Polish Constitution does not equip him with the appropriate competencies.

The centralization, depoliticization and empowerment of judges in the French counter-terrorism system is an effective measure against terrorism, despite the fact, that it is controversial. The article will discuss the powers of the leading judicial bodies in the fight against terrorism, their advantages and disadvantages. The article emphasizes the thesis of the effectiveness of the anti-terrorism system in France, even though it is based on complex principles.

French colonial policy in West Africa

This article is an attempt to analyze French colonialism in West Africa. The author focuses on the characteristics of the colonial thought of Paris, and outlines the most important concepts (tools) necessary for the study of this issue. She also marks the influence of history on the current territorial division of the French Republic and spheres of influence in West Africa. The history of the former French colonies, both after gaining independence and at current time, is also presented, and the features of the contemporary politics of the former metropolis are outlined.

Constitutional Challenges to Counter – Terrorism in France: Legal and Political Implications

France, as one of the European countries with a long democratic tradition and strong legal institutions, faces many constitutional challenges in the context of the fight against terrorism. This issue is particularly relevant in the face of the series of terrorist attacks that have shaken the country in recent years, forcing the authorities to introduce numerous extraordinary measures. However, this process is burdened with constitutional complexities, in particular concerning fundamental rights and civil liberties. The aim of this article is to analyze the constitutional challenges and assess their legal and political implications. The article highlights the tension between the imperative of security and the protection of personal freedoms, as enshrined in the French Constitution and international human rights instruments. The article concludes that effectively dealing with constitutional challenges requires a dynamic and balanced approach that integrates the protection of national security with respect for human rights and the principles of the democratic rule of law.