To the History of Staging The Mayor of Zalamea on the Stage of Rus’ (Ukrainian) National Theater of the Society „Ruska Besida" (the Rehash of Franko from the Play of Pedro Calderon The Mayor of Zalamea).

Ukrainian theater of the society Ruska Besida was one of the essential components in the development of Ukrainian culture in Eastern Galicia.
Cultural development was also provided by the activities of Ivan Franko. His work for the theater was often underestimated and superficially studied. This was especially true when the rehash of Ivan Franko The Mayor of Zalamea appeared in the repertoire. The history of staging of this play is important to the history of Ukrainian theatre.

The existence or no existence an ideal poetic translation. Selected problems related with a translation by Timur Kibirov’s poem Posłanie L. S. Rubinsztejnu to Polish language

This article addresses a problem of ideal / imperfect translation. The thesis about the existence or non-existence of an ideal translation is verified on the basis of the original Russian- language poem by Timur Kibirov and a translation by Jerzy Czech. After analyzing the formal and content aspects of both poems, the following conclusions were drawn: the original and translation can not be one hundred percent identical due to the omissions and changes made by the translator and elements of culture that are not transferable in the target culture.

TEACHING ITALIAN PREPOSITIONS TO FOREIGNERS: A SEMANTIC-COGNITIVE APPROACH

This paper presents a series of reflections aimed at simplifying and rationalising the teaching of Italian prepositions in plurilingual learning classes, with particular attention paid to how to classify prepositions and what the best strategy is to introduce them.
Generally, Italian L2 books present prepositions in a disordered manner, spread over numerous units. Especially in monographs, prepositions are described within more organic categories; nevertheless, this setting exhausts its explanatory aims by matching the various cases to specific nomenclatures, similar to those used by logical analysis, and mostly exemplified by fictitious examples. We noticed that this strategy disorients the learner, who often fails to fully understand the meanings associated with the various Italian prepositions and opts for mnemonic learning. The danger is also that the student more willingly entrusts the translation of certain meanings from L1 to L2, resulting in fossilisations that are difficult to “correct.”
In the preparation of the didactic materials designed for students enrolled in the Centro di Cultura per Stranieri–University of Florence, Italian prepositions have been grouped into four macrocategories, which, from the semantic-cognitive point of view, have intrinsic affinities in many spoken languages, although they do not fall under the same grammatical nomenclature. In this way, the learner is given the opportunity to actively participate in the formation of an L2 competence and to consider the differences and similarities in L1.

Polish Research on Translations of Children’s Literature: The Glass Half Empty or Half Full?

The aim of this paper is to offer a comprehensive review of Polish research on translations of children’s and young adult literature. In the first part, I outline which disciplines are represented by Polish researchers who specialise in this subdiscipline, and then I present in chronological order the development of research from the 1960s, through the fertile period of the turn of the millennium, to the most recent years. Furthermore, I outline the general trends and orientations visible in research on this type of translation, placing particular attention on Polish researchers’ references to general research in Translation Studies.

The Translations of James Joyce’s The Cat and the Devil in Italy

This article sets out to explore the dynamics through which Joyce’s version of the legend of the “devil’s bridge”, narrated in a letter addressed to his grandson, Stevie, entered the world of children’s literature in Italy. This occurred just after the legend’s publication in the USA and the UK under the title The Cat and the Devil. It was immediately turned into a picturebook, a sophisticated literary product aimed at very young readers. In fact, far from being a mere text for toddlers, the Italian Il gatto e il diavolo is at the centre of several intersemiotic and interlinguistic translations that enhance the interpretative potential and richness of Joyce’s narration, already at the crossroads between folkloric and modernist translation. The comparative analysis of three different Italian translations of the story expressly addressed to children (the first by Enzo Siciliano, published by Emme Edizioni in 1967; the second by Giulio Lughi for Edizioni EL in 1980; and the third and more recent one by Ottavio Fatica for ESG in 2010) has highlighted that the differences between them can be ascribed to distinct translation projects, aimed at building bridges between young readers and Joyce’s work in various periods of the history of the Italian literary market for children.

TRANSLATING THE DASH: A CONTRASTIVE STUDY OF MACEDONIAN-ITALIAN

The aim of this article is to illustrate the strategies adopted to translate the dash from Macedonian into Italian in contemporary literary texts. This punctuation mark follows partially different principles in the two languages: morpho-syntactic and informative-textual ones in Macedonian and informative-textual principles in Italian. In addition, the source language reveals a frequent and systematic use of the dash, while it is not very common in the target language nor fully integrated into its punctuation system. From this analysis, two significant data have emerged. Firstly, it has been observed that, amongst the translating strategies of the dash from Macedonian into Italian, what prevails is the use of a “passe-partout” comma, which separates two clauses and replaces stronger punctuation marks, such as the colon, the semicolon, and the period. Secondly, it has been observed that the translation does not contribute to transferring the Macedonian model into the Italian language: the dash of the original text is kept in the target text only when there is equivalence between the two punctuation systems.

Narracja nie jest zjawiskiem wyłącznie językowym, lecz fenomenem o naturze kognitywnej aktywizującym się za sprawą odszyfrowania treści komunikatu. Owa aktywizacja warunkuje powstanie u czytelnika konstruktu mentalnego rozpatrywanego jako skrypt narracji. Zależnie od medium, w jakim następuje realizacja opowieści, odbiorca w odmienny sposób wytwarza skrypt, nawet jeżeli opowieść oparta jest na podobnym rdzeniu fabularnym. Problem ten ma szerokie zaplecze teoretyczne, jednak dotychczas żaden z badaczy nie pokusił się o przeanalizowanie na wybranym przykładzie, jak przekład intermedialny wpływa na wytworzenie konstruktu mentalnego. W niniejszym artykule zostaje podjęta próba uzupełnienia tej luki. Analiza, wykorzystująca ustalenia narratologii transmedialnej oraz komparatystyki mediów, zostanie przeprowadzona oparciu o film „Pokot” Agnieszki Holland i jego literacki pierwowzór - „Prowadź swój pług przez kości umarłych” Olgi Tokarczuk.

Quo Vadis In Italian: A Stylometric Investigation Of Milanese Translations  Of Henryk Sienkiewicz’s Bestseller

Henryk Sienkiewicz’s novel Quo Vadis made its way into Italy at the end of the 19th century through the efforts of Neapolitan translator Federigo Verdinois. The first part of this paper outlines the history of the popularity of Quo Vadis by focusing on the operations of Milanese publishers that made the Polish novel part of their offer in a variety of ways (as translations, adaptations, reworkings, plagiarisms, etc.). Bibliometric methods are used to establish why so many publishing houses decided to publish Henryk Sienkiewicz’s Roman romance. The analysis of the bibliometric data of the published translations helped assess and describe the extent and the character of the popularity that the novel garnered among Milanese publishers. The second part of the paper relates the findings of a multi-method quantitative study of the same material. The number of word tokens was compared between the original and the translations. The lexical richness across the texts under study was compared by means of the moving average type-token ratio (MATTR). Sentence lengths were also compared, as was sentence length distribution as time series. Two different programmes (WCopyFind and Tracer) yielded very similar results on the degree of the similarity of five-word phrases in pairs of translations, which was determined in network analysis.

Gıvıng of Words wıthout Equıvalence in the Translatıon of Borıs Pasternak’s Doctor Zhıvago

The main task that translators face today is to not only to perfectly understand the language of the original, but also to convey the spirit of the work with its creative and artistic thinking. Therefore, the translator must be able to distinguish between literary, artistic expression and ordinary words.

A BLUE DRESS, THE LANGUAGE OF THE PROPRIETIES, AND JUVENILIA IN TRANSLATION. SOME REMARKS ON THE “FRASI ALL’INNAMORATA” BY CESARE PAVESE

The main purpose of the essay is to present one of the juvenilia by Cesare Pavese as a coherent text worth of being diffused. For this reason, the poem “Frasi all’innamorata” (1930), in its original version, opens the essay. the interpretation of the text is undertaken to show both its literary and cultural inspirations (W. Whitman, G. Gozzano, psychoanalysis) and dominant artistic strategies (transforming poetry into prose, playing with colloquial speech and linguistic clichés). Moreover, the presentation of possible difficulties in translation of the poem leads to a reflection on the themes of Pavese’s poetry such as solitude, a lack of love, anxieties caused by human physicality, alienation, and disapproval of superficiality in interpersonal relations. the Polish version of the poem acts as a final proposal of its reading.

Italian Literature in Polish Schools: Pinocchio forever?

This article presents aspects of the way Pinocchio is known and understood in Poland, based on the availability and use of Italian literature in primary and secondary schools in that country since the Second World War. It focuses on the paratexts and contexts of the last two translations of Collodi’s masterpiece, particularly the translation by Jarosław Mikołajewski with illustrations by Roberto Innocenti, published in 2011.

The present article aims to analyse the 20th-century Polish translations of Pietro Bembo’s work. Although Bembo was one of the main representatives of the Italian Renaissance and a prolific writer, of all his lyric poetry, only six songs from the collection Rime, a short poem from the dialogue Gli Asolani, and recently the Stanze have been fully translated. We owe most of the earlier translations to Julia Dickstein-Wieleżyńska, an important populariser of Italian culture in the interwar period. Two poems were translated by Maria Grossekowa, a poet, publicist, and feminist of the early 20th century. The small fragments of Bembo’s sonnets translated by Edward Porębowicz are also worthy of mention. The article focuses on the metric-formal and semantic-lexical analysis of DicksteinWieleżyńska’s versions and examines the techniques used by the translator. Dickstein-Wieleżyńska’s translations are quite equivalent semantically, and although she introduces some reduction or amplification, she does so without upsetting the semantic dominant. Moreover, it has been noted that, in her translations, Dickstein-Wieleżyńska often uses terms that refer to an idea of brightness, which also characterises her own poetic writing. Since Bembo is considered the pioneer of Petrarchism, the analysis of the Polish translations of Bembo’s poems is deepened through comparisons with some versions of Petrarch’s poems translated by Felicjan Faleński and published in 1881.

Wasted World or Sporco Mondo: Translating Informational Books for Children on Environmental Issues

The paper focuses on the Italian translations of two English informational books for children: Wasted World (2009) and Kids Fight Climate Change (2020), which deal with environmental issues. Informational books texts result from a complex dissemination process aimed at making specialised knowledge comprehensible to young readers. To achieve this purpose, informational books rely on various discursive popularising strategies, such as an array of explanations, and various methods for eliciting readers’ engagement, such as questions and irony. Indeed, they are part of what has come to be known as “edutainment,” in which education and entertainment are intertwined to create a “hybrid genre” (Buckingham and Scanlon, 2005). As the texts examined in the paper engage with ecology and environmental issues, they have a dual purpose: to inform and to raise awareness (ecoliteracy). Despite the importance of popularising texts, the translation of such products is still an underexplored field of research. The comparative analysis of the two English texts and their respective Italian translations centres on how global warming and climate change are described in the source and target texts. It examines how the popularising strategies are translated, given their importance in knowledge dissemination for children. The findings indicate that Italian translations, though retaining the combination of education and entertainment, tend to be more precise and more complex than the source texts. This is in line with the intercultural differences identified between Low Context (LC) cultures and High Context (HC) cultures.

Forming Homo Sovieticus: The Impact of the Communist Ideology on the First Polish Translations of Gianni Rodari’s Poems

Gianni Rodari’s works first appeared in Poland when he was yet little known, if not rather unpopular, in his homeland. In the 1950s, Italian criticism ignored Rodari’s literary efforts as a ‘militant’ communist, his works only reached a narrow circle of readers, and it would take some years until he garnered popularity in his homeland. Meanwhile, what the Italians failed to appreciate appeared to be gaining an almost instant recognition in the USSR and the Eastern Bloc countries. As a member of the Italian Communist Party, the Editor-in-Chief of the children’s magazine Pioniere, and an eager supporter of communism, Rodari won favour with the authorities of the Polish People’s Republic. The earliest translations of Rodari’s poetry were published in the Polish press as early as in 1953. They were based on Russian translations by Samuil Marshak, whom the Polish authorities notably considered a perfect children’s writer. Both Russian and Polish versions of Rodari’s poemst tend to differ greatly from the original texts and to bear a heavy ideological imprint. My argument in this article seeks to answer the following questions: Which of Rodari’s poems were translated into Polish in the 1950s and by whom? How are they different from the Italian originals? What was their reception in Poland? How was Rodari portrayed in Poland at the time?

The poetic translation in the work of “Silent Lyrics” by V. Pidpaly and D. Cherednychenko

The article reviewed the themes and leading images of the Russian (O. Pushkin, M. Lermontov, I. Bunin, A. Akhmatova, V. Khlebnikov, V. Berestov), of the Lithuanian (M. Vainilaitis, Y. Nyakroshius), of the Jewish (R. Balyasna, J. Gruber, P. Kyrychansky, M. Mohylevych), of the Gypsy (L. Manusha, O. Germano) poets, of the Czech (J. Neruda), of the Avar (R. Gamzatov), of the Armenian (G. Davtyan), of the Balkar (K. Kuliev) poets, as well as features of Slovak folklore translated by V. Pidpaly and D. Cherednychenko. The article reviewed the dominant motives of foreign writers, in the works of which were depicted love and devotion to the native people, admiration for the world of art and national identity, the beauty of natural landscapes and children’s world of fairy tales. The scientific article represented the appeal to the inner world of the lyrical hero of poets of both nations, his national self-identification, historiosophical understanding of existence in society. The focus is on the translation literary concept that evoke not only negative emotions, but also balance the inner state of the lyrical narrator, promotes his spiritual harmony. In “silent poetry”, in contrast to the literary work of the foreign writers, the literary concept of loneliness also describes the balanced inner state of the lyrical hero, his spiritual harmony. “Silent poets” were appealed to an aesthetically valuable poetic word, which reflected the ideological neutrality in the intertextual plane of the poem and focused on the inner intentions of the foreign poets, which were based primarily on his moral qualities. Given the translations of the foreign poets, the lyrics focused on primarily on the moral qualities of man, his inner development.

Translation of indefiniteness in into german translated novel of Serhii Zhadan “Depeche mode”

This scientific research deals with a topical linguistic and translation problem – the category of definiteness / indefiniteness. The category is a functional-semantic, conceptual category in the Ukrainian language, and a grammatical category in the German language. That is why it is expressed differently in both languages. The article analyzes the works of leading linguists devoted to the study of issues related to the category of definiteness / indefiniteness from different points of view and on the basis of Ukrainian and German languages. The purpose of this article is to determine the means one can use to reproduce the category of indefiniteness in the Ukrainian-German translation. The object of this research is linguistic indefiniteness as it is, i.e. the name of the object it designates belongs to the class of similar phenomena. Indefiniteness describes something new. In the Ukrainian language it is mostly expressed by indefinite pronouns that indicate an indefinite person, object, quality, quantity, etc. Indefinite pronouns are the main means of reference. Linguistic researchers state that indefiniteness in the Ukrainian language is always marked. The subject of the given study is the analysis of implicit means of expression of indefiniteness in Ukrainian as well as means of its explicit expression in the translation of the novel “Depeche Mode” by S. Zhadan into German. Comparative and descriptive methods of linguistic research allow considering different ways of expression of indefiniteness in the translation of modern fiction. The analyzed material contains examples where indefiniteness in the original text is expressed by (якийсь, хтось, який-небудь, деякий, один з і т.д. / some, someone, some, one of, etc.) which is translated by articles (mostly indefinite articles – ein / eine), as well as by their equivalents in the target language (einer aus… / einer von…, irgendwelche, ein paar), rarely by a zero article. Reproduction of the quantitative expression of indefiniteness into the target language doesn’t present a translation problem. The analyzed material contains examples where the indefinite pronoun якийсь / some is rendered by means of the definite article der. Indefiniteness in not reproduced in this case. Among the methods of translation of indefiniteness there are translation transformations both lexical-semantic, such as addition, generalization, and lexicalgrammatical. It conclusion, the further research on the issue of reproduction of indefiniteness / the category of definiteness / indefiniteness on the basis of translations of texts of other genres and analysis of a wider range of means that express indefiniteness, as well as ways of its translation.

Explication as a means of language and cultural adaptation in the process of fiction text translation

The purpose of the research is to identify a range of possible ways of explication in the translation of a literary text, their study and systematization taking into account the general strategy of the translator. The task of the research is to consider and analyze the application of explication in Ukrainian translations of G Wells’s novel “The Invisible Man” performed by M. Ivanov and O. Didyk using the method of contextual, comparative and, in some cases, component analysis. The undertaken analysis of scientific theories testifies that the reasons that prompt the translator to apply explication can be external and internal. One of the factors at the junction of internal and external causes is the role of the translator as a mediator in the process of interlingual communication. Based on comparative analysis, we concluded that M. Ivanov’s translation decisions quite specifically and adequately reflect the versatility and complex intertwining that are characteristic of G. Wells’ reproduction of the picture of what is happening. However, it is not always possible to prioritize the decision of M. Ivanov, as very often the translator deviates from the original and applies a paraphrase. O. Didyk’s translation is dominated by a position with a focus on the recipient culture. The practical significance of the study is in the possibility of using the conclusions and recommendations in the practice of literary translation and editing of translated texts, as well as in assessing the quality of translation.

Translations of religious source texts and intercultural education

The article presents the main concepts of biblical translation studies and their importance in intercultural education. On the example of the New Testament term παρακαλέω, the need to update religious translations of source texts is shown due to the changing culture and the loss of some traditional terms of their original meaning. In the theoretical layer, the importance is discussed of language in the formation of human identity and social structures, and the possibility is indicated of including these processes in the strategy of intercultural education.

From the First Instances to the Persistence of Some (Pre)judgments on Grazia Deledda’s Misunderstood Language and Modernity

Some of the first reviews of and critical writings on Grazia Deledda’s works can help us realise how long prejudices about Deledda and her writing have persisted. The prejudiced dismissal of her ‘bad’ Italian generated the cliché notion that her works notably improved in translation. This was perhaps one reason why Deledda seems to have longer enjoyed greater critical acclaim and more popularity with readers abroad than in Italy. Only recently have some young Italian (and non-Sardinian) scholars begun to study Deledda, while in Sardinia there has been new, robust research on her, illuminating all her precocious modernity. This modern approach was little understood in the 20th century and above all was denounced by the gossipy, envious, and misogynistic literary world, which Deledda herself depicted in some of her novels and short stories. While Pirandello’s novel Suo marito tends to be cited as possibly responsible for spreading negative judgments about Deledda, those who have not read her Nostalgie (1905) will not grasp how much this book may have suggested or reinforced Pirandello’s own ironic and negative representation of that same mediocre and limited literary world in his novel. More generally, to appreciate Deledda, one must read all her works, rather than only those set in Sardinia.