Celem niniejszego tekstu jest analiza dyrektywy o transgranicznej mobilności pacjentów – jej zakresu, implementacji, funkcjonowaniu i percepcji, jak również jej potencjału w zakresie budowy paneuropejskiego rynku usług medycznych. Jej wpływ może sięgać daleko poza uregulowania prawne wspomagające pacjentów udających się za granicę w celu korzystania z usług medycznych. Potencjalnie może ona stanowić jeden z fundamentów przyszłej harmonizacji systemów opieki zdrowotnej w skali europejskiej.

Europeanization acted at all stages of society development in Slovakia, with varying degrees of intensity and in various forms, since the signing of the association agreement with the European Union. A significant impact was already in the stage of transition, when the consistent implementation of the Copenhagen criteria insist by the EC/EU help to return to the path of democratic development in Slovakia. However, it wasn’t just about the application of the generally accepted principles of parliamentary democracy, but also on the active impact of the EC/EU institutions within the existing opportunities provided by the signing of the Association Agreement. A qualitatively new stage began after completion of the Copenhagen criteria and the opening of negotiations, which was to implement acquis communautaire into the internal legal order of the country. At this stage, clearly dominated the process of Europeanization “top-down”, i.e. the adoption of standards, laws of the European Union, to make country compatible with other countries of the EU. After the entry of the Slovakia into the EU, a two-sided process of Europeanization: “up-down” and “bottom-up” has started.

Celem artykułu jest zaprezentowanie wpływu priorytetów i instrumentów polityki społecznej Unii Europejskiej na realizację podejścia inwestycyjnego w politykach społecznych państw członkowskich na przykładzie Polski. Przedmiotem badań są cele społeczne Unii Europejskiej zdefiniowane w strategii Europa 2020 oraz Pakiecie Inwestycji Społecznych, implementowane za pomocą otwartej metody koordynacji i interwencji Europejskiego Funduszu Społecznego w państwach członkowskich Unii Europejskiej. W konkluzji stwierdzono, że proces europeizacji polityk społecznych państw członkowskich UE, na przykładzie Polski, w odniesieniu do implementacji paradygmatu inwestycyjnego, ma ograniczony charakter.

Artykuł stanowi teoretyczną refleksję nad istotą pojęcia deeuropeizacji. Krytyczna ocena koncepcji europeizacji pozwala zidentyfikować jej wewnętrzne słabości, ograniczające jej możliwości poznawcze. Tendencja do jednoznacznie pozytywnej konotacji oraz marginalizowanie trudności powstających na skutek procesu integracji tworzą niepełną rzeczywistość. Stąd pojawia się konieczność pochylenia się nad jej antytezą – deeuropeizacją. W oparciu o analizę dostępnej literatury na temat deeuropeizacji artykuł porządkuje istniejące wymiary deeuropeizacji oraz identyfikuje jej charakterystyczne cechy.

Europeanisation is a process, but theory of Europeanisation is a theory of impact and influence configured as a feedback between the EU and its member states, as well as international organisations, third states, and furthermore, between the EU and persons (both citizens of the EU and the citizens of the states outside of the EU). In researching the impact of European integration (and the EU itself) on specific persons, one should note that, for instance, Europeanisation of the Council of the EU officials is neither top- -down nor bottom-up Europeanisation, nor is it ad extra or ad intra one. The purpose of this article is to sequentially examine only one type of Europeanisation, namely ad personam (EAP), with the use of tools applied in constructivism. The study of ad personam Europeanisation is conducted here on the example of the Council of the European Union (CEU) officials.

Process of changing the youth policy in Poland caused by the youth strike for climate

The youth policy in Poland began to develop in connection with Poland’s accession to the European Union. Since 2019, these research areas were joined by the activities of young people as a part of the international youth social movement, i.e., the Youth Strike for Climate. The article presents the following research hypothesis: the activity of the Youth Strike for Climate indicates that the youth policy in Poland is undergoing a process of climatization. The following research questions were asked: What factors influence the interest in climate issues among young people? Was the youth gathered around the YSC active before the YSC activity? Is the activity at YSC related to other social/political activity of young people? Does the YSC influence political decisions? As a result of the survey, literature analysis and the conducted research, the research hypothesis was confirmed.

While the crises of 2015 and 2022, albeit with different burdens and responsibilities, were pan- European, the crisis on the Polish-Belarusian and Polish-Lithuanian borders can be considered as a regional crisis in which the countries directly affected are involved. For this reason, this crisis is the least studied and recognized outside the country. The aim of the article is to present the genesis, course, and consequences of the crisis on the Polish-Belarusian border in the context of European law. The Polish government has challenged the basic regulations regarding the right to apply for international protection, citing issues of national security protection, as well as using a sovereign narrative. The research hypothesis assumes that the previously Europeanised migration and asylum policy has been nationalised in Poland in connection with the actions of the Polish authorities in response to the crisis. The analysis will be conducted through the prism of the theory of Europeanization, using elements of securitization theory.