W artykule przedstawione zostały Strategiczne Siły Jądrowe Federacji Rosyjskiej (SSJ FR), ich rola w rosyjskiej doktrynie obronnej oraz zasadnicze wyposażenie i uzbrojenie. Celem artykułu jest dokonanie oceny potencjału bojowego SSJ, a także próba wywiedzenia stąd przyszłych możliwości oraz roli, jaką SSJ mają do odegrania w doktrynie obronnej Federacji Rosyjskiej w zmieniających się uwarunkowaniach międzynarodowych. Autor przedstawił na tle historycznym aktualny stan i potencjał rosyjskich SSJ. W artykule opisane zostały wszystkie trzy komponenty SSJ Rosji, czyli Wojska Rakietowe Strategicznego Przeznaczenia, strategiczne atomowe okręty podwodne – nosiciele rakiet balistycznych oraz Lotnictwo Dalekiego Zasięgu wraz z ich zasadniczymi systemami uzbrojenia. Scharakteryzowane zostały zasadnicze kategorie i typy środków przenoszenia strategicznej broni nuklearnej oraz wskazana ich prawdopodobna przyszłość. W tym kontekście podjęta została próba przedstawienia przedsięwzięć podejmowanych przez rosyjskie władze, mających na celu modernizację dotychczas posiadanych oraz wdrażanie nowo opracowywanych systemów uzbrojenia strategicznego.

Constitutional Oversight of Government Surveillance in the United States

The aim of the article is the analysis of constitutional oversightof the government surveillance in the United States. Referring to Snowden affair and COVID-19 surveillance, the Author discusses the challenges faced by the legislative and judicial branches in pursuing control over the executive’s national security policies. Focusing on the rule of secrecy and other constitutional doctrines and privileges, he tries to explain why effective control of government surveillance is today impossible.

Act of March 11, 2022. on defense of the Homeland is a classic example of an “executive act” for the constitutional regulation of issues related to state security, including military security. The Homeland Defence Act contains the so far missing specification of the normative solutions contained in the Constitution of the Republic of Poland of April 2, 1997. They concern in particular the development of regulations concerning the following constitutional issues: the Armed Forces of the Republic of Poland, the duty of a Polish citizen to defend the Homeland, the President of the Republic as the supreme commander of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Poland and the Council of Ministers as the body that ensures the external security of the state and exercises general management in the field of national defense. The main goal of the legislator is to replace the archaic and incompatible with the current needs and tasks of the Polish state and the Armed Forces of the Republic of Poland regulations contained in the Act of November 21, 1967. on the general duty to defend the Republic of Poland.

The Role of the Loya Jirga in Shaping Afghanistan’s Political System

In this article, the author presents the results of research on the origins of the Loya Jirga and its impact on the formation of the political system of Afghanistan. According to the author, searching for an answer to the question of what role the Loya Jirga played in the creation of an independent Afghan state and what significance it had in shaping the internal and foreign policy of the Afghan authorities is important for understanding the political processes that took place in Afghanistan in the 20’th century, both in the period of monarchy and communism, as well as the processes taking place in Afghanistan after the withdrawal of US and NATO troops from this country in 2021. The main research method used by the author was the historical method. With its help, the author also analyzed the role of this advisory body in the formation of the Constitution of Afghanistan, which was subject to significant changes in various historical periods depending on the political situation.

The aim of the article is to analyze the phenomenon of the constitutionalization of politics, understood as the influence of non-judicial actors on the procedure of constitutional review on the example of the functioning of selected offices of the United States Department of Justice during the presidencies of George W. Bush, Barack Obama, and Donald Trump. By analyzing the activities of attorneys general and Office of Legal Counsel lawyers, the author shows the important role of these entities in determining the constitutionality of surveillance policy of presidential administrations in the field of national security.