The article concerns issues relating to tobacco plant protection, which is an important element of the work of every tobacco grower and often decides on the amount and quality of the crops.
In the middle of the 20th century The Tobacco Industry and the Tobacco Growers’ Association supplied plan protection equipment for tobacco growers. Different designs of spraying equipment have been developed for different types of applications and field and crop conditions. In the Polish tobacco industry one of the most popular was the high volume sprayer OP-20. In the first half of the 60s the percentage of sprayer OP-20 was a more than 50% of all sprayers. Gradually, in place of sprayer OP-20 were introduced sprayers type “Puzon” and “Działkowiec”. Very popular and effective were hand compression sprayers – “Sad” and “Rex”, which were placed in a wheelbarrow. In the middle of the 60s tractor mounted sprayer have been used, especially by plant protection stations.

After the 1800’s, “Century Of Actresses”, a few core points on Italian actresses in the 1900’s

Critical studies on the theatre from the 19th and 20th centuries, even founding ones, are limited as they do not include a gender category - a paradox in a space where bodies are central. The actresses, in fact, give life to different stories, which allow for the enrichment of historical-critical reconstructions. Given the vastness of the topic, this article aims to identify some fundamental turning points. We begin with the legacy of the 19th century, rich from both a linguistic and a historical-critical viewpoint; the article moves on to the post-Duse period, which saw, on the one hand, the birth of the actor-artist’s Italian specificity and, on the other, the crisis of female leaders of theatre companies; then, the article discusses the birth of Italian theatre direction in the period following the Second World War and the reaction of a few actresses, like Anna Magnani, who aimed to re-create the reality that was to be reclaimed by the history of theatre. Finally, the article explores the breakdown caused by the New Theatre and even calls into discussion the word for “actress”, with overlaps in the fields of theatre direction and dramaturgy.

In the spring of 1940, the Soviets massacred thousands of Polish officers who were in Soviet camps, and buried them in mass graves in Katyn. In 1943 Nazi Germany officially informed the world about this massacre. The communists ruthlessly tried to blame the Germans. Polish representatives went to Katyn. They were eyewitnesses to the discovery of the truth about the mass murder. Each of the Polish delegates was then harassed by the security apparatus. The lie promoted by the communist regime for half a century was only revealed in 1989. Families of the murdered officers were also victims for decades. With the breakup of the Soviet Union and the wave of perestroika (restructuring) in 1990, on the next anniversary of the crime the Soviet press agency reported for the first time in history that the Soviet NKVD was responsible for the murder of these Polish officers. The Katyn massacre was, and is, intertwined with politics.

The Idiom of Russian Music as an Inspiration for Preludes of Polish Composers of the Turn of the 19th and 20th Centuries

This article presents the results of research on the impact of Russian music on preludes of Polish composers active at the turn of the 19 th and 20 th - centuries. The study focuses on characteristics of selected Russian composers determined by Marina Frolova-Walker, Richard Taruskin, and Piotr Kędzierski. Specific features of the Russian idiom, which proves its inspiring role, were found in the preludes of Karol Szymanowski, Witold Maliszewski, and Roman Statkowski.

The Literary Achievements of Israel in the 20th and 21st Centuries. Profiles of the Writers. Reconnaissance

This article is devoted to the brief history of Israeli literature and the outstanding representatives of this field over several decades. Mentioned here are selected authors of the 20th and 21st centuries, remembered as creators of contemporary Israeli literature, whose rich output covered important themes for their country. Each of them has won literary prizes for their work and made their mark in the history of world literature.