Changes of the meaning of „social justice” concept in the face of the welfare state purposes

Since the 40’s of the nineteenth century the term “social justice” has played an increasing role in political reflection. The main subject of this paper is a meaning ascribed to the idea of “social justice” in the face of goals of welfare state. From this point of view very important are various senses of the notion. It can be distinguished in this area at least two related aspects. The first refers to characteristic of the justice itself. It can be described as a virtue, norm or right. The second one applies to the particular type of justice identified with social justice. In this respect relevant are: legal, distributive and retributive (or commutative) justice. Aside from that, social justice is also treated as an idea of equality or solidarity in social environment.

Artykuł prezentuje problem tolerancji nauczycieli akademickich jako normy cywilizacyjnej, regulatora relacji między wszystkimi podmiotami procesu edukacyjnego, co pozwala zachować różnorodność złożonego systemu, jakim jest środowisko międzykulturowe uczelni. Przedstawiono w nim wyniki badań diagnostycznych dotyczących tworzenia różnych elementów kompetencji społeczno-kulturowych nauczycieli i studentów. Ponadto zwrócono uwagę na tzw. algorytm rozwoju tolerancji nauczyciela akademickiego w warunkach nowoczesnego uniwersytetu jako osobowo-ideologicznej podstawy jego działalności i elementu kultury organizacyjnej.

Artykuł prezentuje założenia, przebieg i wyniki eksperymentu, opartego na wskazaniu przez uczestników głosu człowieka bądź głosu androida na podstawie przedstawionych próbek. Uczestnicy eksperymentu – studenci kierunków związanych z nowymi mediami – osiągnęli wyniki znacznie przekraczające połowę trafnych wskazań. Decyzje podejmowali wyłącznie na podstawie niewerbalnych cech wypowiedzi. W tekście zostaje podkreślona waga zagadnienia w obliczu rozwoju sztucznej inteligencji – dla pełnego bezpieczeństwa przyszłej koegzystencji obu odmian inteligencji niezbędne będą odpowiednie regulacje.

Ethical standards of the work of historians in the specific context of historical cognition

The existing „Code of Ethics for Employees” in Poland, as well as other documents prepared by representatives of all sciences gathered in research institutes of the appropriate reputation, do not in themselves distinguish between the specific characteristics of particular fields, especially between the humanities and nature sciences, The scientist in itself based on the general ethical standards in force in the European cultural circle. The purpose of this article is to attempt to exemplify the ethical dangers inherent in its scientific activity, and which derives from the specificity of the theory of historical cognition, whose verification differs fundamentally from the verification of conclusions formulated by rigorous sciences or social sciences based on statistical methods. This task was also undertaken with an indication of differences in the intensity of problematic ethical issues depending on the intent and object of historical research.

The incrising demand for regulating social relations which are becoming more complicated is an efect of developing civilization, including in it the level of protection of human rights in XXI century. Standarization is a synonym of the nowadys developing world economy. Apart of the legal rules there are other regulation systems like moral standards, ethical standards, deontological norms or customs. These regulation systems are the complementary systems to the law regulations. Their origin is the natural law. Deontological principles mostly are legally binding like planty of ethical standards in medicine. The reason of the legal power of ethics in medicine is libility for human life. Code of Medical Ethics is also the source of legal norms in medical law. The most important legal norm for medical practice is the doctor’s obligation to treat patients acording to the current medical knowledge. Besides doctors should conduct their practice in a socially acceptable way as working in a profession of public trust.