Political aspirations of the Kazakhstani youth

In the article data presented from the sociological research conducted in 2015 indicate that the participation of youth in politics and the interest is very low. Monitoring of political orientations in the projection on regional identity showed some significant differences: the youth of the “Northern”, “Western” and “Eastern” regions is with a tendency to the “troubled” perception of the political situation, while respondents of “Southern” and “Central” regions with the “neutral” assessment of and with a high degree of political tolerance and displaying the ability to political discourse. The political profile of young Kazakhs is characterized by a greater degree of uncertainty. Also, the boundaries of political preferences are blurred: the main factors of the formation of the ideological and political positions are to the greater extent cultural (preferences and stereotypes) rather than social factors.

The political involvement of media may raise doubts, particularly when these are the cases of political bias. Many Polish journalists perceive this phenomenon critically and try to counteract it, creating codes of journalistic ethics. Their impact, however, is not common, so they remain ineffective. This problem should be considered while analyzing the Polish constitutional provisions and laws. None of the provisions of the Polish Constitution of 1997 does prohibit journalists or media political commitment. Media in Poland have but to fulfill an important function of informing the sovereign (nation) about all the activities of public authorities. To this end, the legal standards guarantee media freedom of action. Associated with the position of media power is to serve social objectives, which is to provide information. Legal norms do not require neutrality, nor do they impose political commitment. It should also be remembered that media are a part of the Polish political system.

Legal Regulations of the Political Neutrality of the Civil Service in Poland

The principle of neutrality of the civil service is one of the pillars of the functioning of the civil service in Poland and should be strictly observed by its members. The problem is often the very understanding of the word “apoliticality” and the application of this principle in both official and private life by members of the civil service. The purpose of the article is to discuss legal, in particular, constitutional regulations of political neutrality of the civil service in Poland and to present the problem of the limits of the loyalty of the civil service to the state apparatus and the limits of state interference in the civil service. The verification of the research thesis will be supported by research based on non-reactive research methods. In addition to literature analysis, a dogmatic and legal method will be used to examine the legal acts regulating the political neutrality of the civil service in Poland.