Gender aspects of creativity by Joseph Conrad in English studies.

The article is devoted to the analysis of gender discourse in the artistic heritage of the English classics, a Pole by birth, Joseph Conrad, by modern studies, often in coverage of racial, national, political, postcolonial and other issues.

Candidates of the Women’s Congress in the local elections 2018

The author of the article analyzed the activity of candidates recommended by the Association of Women’s Congress in the 2018 local government elections. It was argued that the key to obtaining the support of the Congress of Women were written commitments of individual candidates, regardless of which of the electoral committees started. The aim of the article was to verify the declaration of the Congress of Women that the association supports all candidates from (various) electoral committees, who are close to the idea of a congressional social movement. The issue of synonymous use of the notion of party and political character was also important in the context of activities undertaken by the Congress of Women.

The modern family faces a  variety of ever-changing circumstances which greatly inhibit the selection of clearly defined roles or behaviours that might bring about the good of the whole family. The article describes three models which regulate the roles adopted by individuals within the family. The text defines the optimal method of role creation and selection as one which allows for the simultaneous consideration of not only the variety of possibilities, but also the needs of all family members.

The Problem of Old Age in Japanese Literature of the 20th Century on the Example of Tanizaki Junichirō’s (1886–1965) Works

In Japanese prose of 20th century, especially post-war prose, there was great Tanizaki who developed in his literature the problem of old age together with such its aspects as aging - related diseases, senility, loss of vitality or fear of death. The aim of this article is to introduce and describe the problem of old age in Tanizaki’s literature by giving as example his essays and two novels. In The Key and Mad Old Man Tanizaki depicts in great detail old age, aging - related diseases, loss of sexual potential, fear of death, or attempts of pursuit for happiness in the old age days. The two novels are the most detailed, careful considerations about old age in Japanese literature, as well as the example of a very bold depiction of increasing sexual excitability in people who are facing old age. The novel’s diaristic form shows author’s very intimate and special attitude toward time and old age. Awareness of death is a privilege that can free an old man from all social and moral restrictions - Tanizaki sketches a boundary that can be reached in the last desires of life. The author is also asking a question: is it worth striving for unchanging, eternal ideals, even at the price of losing one’s life on the way to gain them? The creation of the two novels, was preceded by a series of autobiographical essays, written in 1957-1965, which were an invaluable source of information about the writer’s last period of his literary activity. These essays - cited in the article, can be considered as the material for starting the creation of the mentioned novels, in effect giving them a somewhat autobiographical character.

This research is an experimental quantitative approach that aims to determine the impact of sex and gender differences on senior high school students’ spatial ability through the implementation of dynamic geometry environment (DGE). Ninety-six high-school student participants were categorized based on gender and sex diversities. Data were analyzed using a three-way ANOVA statistical test and Tukey Test. This study indicates that sex and gender differences and the interaction between sex and gender differences significantly affect students’ spatial abilities. The male students outperform the females. The undifferentiated students outperform all students with different genders (feminine, masculine, and androgyny).

The results presented here are taken from empirical studies relating to the relation between academic achievement and sex, type of school, and self-esteem, as well as self-esteem and sex, school level, and academic achievement. Aside from specific issues, these results show, first, that levels of achievement and self-esteem in middle school show much lower values than in high school and primary school. Secondly, although girls show a higher level of achievement, there is no difference between their self-esteem compared to the self-esteem of boys.

The distinction between sex and gender can be detailed by distinguishing several levels of biological sex and social gender: genetic or chromosomal sex, gonadal sex, hormonal sex, internal and external morphologic sex, phenotypic sex, assigned sex, gender of rearing, gender identity. Untypical modification on first four levels (during sex differentiation and brain programming of fetus, and at puberty) results in intersex newborns, transgender and other non-normative people. They are clear examples of fluidity of the biological sex and they question the idea of two „natural” sexes (nature turns out to be diverse and fluid). The fluidity thesis matches the social construction thesis, for instance, Judith Butler’s performative theory of gender. According to it, gender is created by a series of performative acts: words, gestures, outfits, make-up, hair-dressing etc. The analysis of many levels of sex differentiation process leads to conclusion that femininity and masculinity are two ideal types, and that biological sex is a matter of degree (one can be more or less female/male but there is no sharp distinction between the two) and sometimes indeterminate (intersexes, transgender people). The paper is a contribution to integrating recent biological findings about sex differentiation process with recent social theories about construction of gender.

The authors present the results of empirical research that tested a hypothesis concerning the relationship between ethical orientations and teachers’ educational strategies. The study was planned as a quantitative strategy as theoretical-verified, in a quasi-experimental scheme with random sampling. Data was gathered with the help of tests, and the hypotheses were verified using two-way ANOVA.

This article reports on the findings of a study on the empirical verification of the hypothesis regarding a stronger impact of gender over sex on coping with stressful situations. Gender has been operationalized into S. Bem’s gender schemas. Multiple regression analysis confirmed the hypothesis for the three measured styles of coping with stress.