In the article the authors analysed cooperation of preschool teachers with parents. It is a complex area of operation for preschool teachers, which requires communication skills, management of potential conflict situations, approaches to identification and management of different family situations, as well as approaches to coping with stress and working with different people. During the research on the population of students and preschool teachers (616), the authors also found that this is an area which the students rated as difficult, expecting problems with it at the beginning of their career, whereas in-service preschool teachers estimated that they did not have many problems when interacting with their pupils’ parents.

In modern conditions, the level of scientific development of theoretical and practical problems of self-employment is at an early stage. It should be noted that in the conditions of market transformations, self-employment for a certain part of the population is a way to survive in difficult life situations. Self-employment as a type of economic behavior can be described, on the one hand, as a strategy to ensure living conditions in a changing life situation and solve the problem of unemployment, and on the other – as the first step in the implementation of entrepreneurial behavior. The transition of self-employment to entrepreneurial activity is a social indicator of maturity of the subject of individual labor activity. Self-employment is a manifestation of further self-organization of individuals and is characterized as a strategy to solve the problem of unemployment and ensure proper living conditions. Determined by autonomy and freedom of action, self-employment ideally allows a person to receive income, adequate quantity and quality of labor and investment. At the legislative level, the term “self-employed person” has the following definition. A self-employed person is a taxpayer who is an individual entrepreneur or carries out an independent professional activity, provided that such a person is not an employee within such entrepreneurial or independent professional activity. Self-employment differs from traditional employment with regular remuneration by its inherent autonomy and individual orientation, which contributes to the gradual formation of a fundamentally new stratum of the economically active population, which has abandoned paternalistic expectations. This is the social value of self-employment. The most common type of self-employment is entrepreneurial activity, which includes a system of actions and deeds related to starting your own business, business activity, risk. The market environment expands the freedom to choose the scope of labor, the possibility of applying labor, which, combined with the responsibility of economic entities for the results of production, promotes the development of effective forms of self-employment, including small business.

European Works Councils as an Institution of Social Dialogue in Poland

The aim of the article is to characterize European works councils (EWCs) established in enterprises with a community scope. They belong to the institution of dialogue carried out within the framework of collective labor relations, being a manifestation of the constitutional principle of the social market economy. The author introduces the essence of these councils and the context of their appointment, indicates EU regulations and characterizes national legislation. A significant part of the study is devoted to the presentation of selected aspects of the functioning of councils based on his own empirical research conducted among Polish members who identified the strengths and weaknesses of these institutions, listed factors favoring their operation and reasons hindering creation based on knowledge and experience, giving rise to the identification of perspectives development of employee participation in changing socio-economic conditions.