Between empiricism and theory. The methodological discussion of historians seventy years later

The paper provides an overview of a methodological debate taking place during the 7. General Congress of Polish Historians held in 1948 in Wrocław. The article differentiates between arguments stressing the importance of empirical basis for historical research and the voices emphasising the significance of theoretical considerations.

The hierarchy rivalry theory is based on the perception of social reality as a rivalry between associations and rivalry of systems of norms. The state constitution is a collection of tops of hierarchies. A constitution can be changed for various reasons – sometimes the change is an attempt to transform reality, and sometimes it results from the ruling party’s attempt to maintain power. A constitutional change may be a revolution, understood as a process within the hierarchy, or an invasion resulting from external influence. The importance of the influence of ideology, but also of associations, on changes to the constitution should be recognized.

Przedstawiony tekst poświęcony jest dyskursowi na temat podstawowych pojęć w epistemologii i metodologii nauk, jakimi są: teoria, teoria naukowa, logiczna struktura teorii, a także wybrane taksonomie teorii, charakterystyka teorii pozytywistycznych (obiektywistycznych) oraz interpretacyjnych (konstruktywistycznych) w naukach społecznych. Analizę kończą wybrane przykłady teorii pedagogicznych.

Problems of the theory and practice of valuation of companies in the Kyrgyz Republic

Since the inception of the Kyrgyz Republic as an independent and sovereign state in 1991 processes of market transformation aimed at reforming the economic mechanisms continue in this country. Started as a result of privatization in the early stages of reforms, playing a key role in the de-monopolization of the Kyrgyz economy the process aiming to create a class of independent business and company owners continues. The author of this article tries to analyze the development of the practice of valuation of companies in Kyrgyzstan and presents suggestions of changes intended to create suitable legal conditions for these purposes.