Jedną z konsekwencji odejścia od etatowej pracy jest obniżenie poczucia bezpieczeństwa socjalnego wśród pracowników, których określa się mianem prekariatu, a wykonywane przez nich prace jako niepewne (prekarne). W artykule, w nawiązaniu do dyskusji w środowisku naukowym, toczącym się co najmniej od lat 80. XX w., skupiam uwagę na dwóch aspektach zagadnienia: niepewności przypisywanej do obecnie wykonywanej pracy zawodowej oraz roli polityki społecznej i jej instytucji w kreowaniu prekarnych miejsc pracy. Wykorzystuję metodę porównawczą, sięgając do prac, których autorzy piszą o prekariacie w sposób bezpośredni lub gdzie stanowi on kontekst wypowiedzi o rzeczywistości społecznej. W ten sposób zamierzam pozyskać znaczenie i treść pojęcia prekariat.

ITALY IN THE EYES OF THE YOUNG. THE ITALIAN WORKING CONDITIONS OF THE LAST TWENTY YEARS AS RENDERED IN LITERATURE

This paper examines how the working conditions in Italy are represented in the literature of the last 20 years written by young authors, from the 1990s and the beginnings of Postmodernism’s influence on young people, up to the new century and its relative propensity for risk-taking. this article examines the changes that have occurred to society and its needs; emphasis is placed on the evolution of legal regulations and on the creation of the new literary topos, such as the call centre—a contemporary non-place of the precariat. In this article, much attention is paid to the necessity of writing as a method of capturing the reality, or simply as a way of making a living. the aforementioned issue, which is highly topical, became the subject of numerous novels written by the young and often unemployed. especially in recent years, this literary protest emerged to condemn flexible employment contracts. It is worthwhile to mention the following recent works related to these issues: Il Mondo Deve Sapere (Murgia) and Generazione Mille Euro (Incorvaia, Rimassa), as well as the classic Tutti Giù per Terra (Culicchia). the literary aspects of this essay are enriched by the theories of zygmunt Bauman, Richard Sennett, Ulrich Beck and Anthony Giddens to give an overall picture of the contemporary work conditions of the young, combining theory with real experiences.

The authors study the principle of solidarity in the sense of exercising the right to social dialogue in the context of globalization. The authors are convinced that without civic association there can be no direct influence of citizens on social processes in the state and certain spheres of public life. Solidarity in this sense is the social unity of individuals united by a certain property in the awareness of the need for such a combination to achieve a specific positive goal. In this way, solidarity is different from any other combination that exists for its own sake, and not to achieve a certain result. This understanding is especially important in the labor sphere in the exercise of the right to social dialogue. In today’s globalized world, the problem of the ineffectiveness of social dialogue must be considered not only in the institutional, legal or cultural aspect, but in terms of the possibility of social solidarity. The authors point out that the modern state can’t always meet the challenges of modernity, in particular, with the strong influence of transnational corporations as the main actors in globalization. That’s why the state needs the solidarity of citizens around this problem when solving the tasks of ensuring social justice in the labor sphere. The authors believe that the result of such solidarity should be the active implementation in the practice of social dialogue of international framework agreements between transnational corporations, the state and citizens, represented by specialized trade unions, including international ones.

The precariat in the feature film

This paper discusses selecting films (realized shortly before the COVID-19 pandemic) portraying the precariat in today’s world. Working poor in lowwage jobs cannot secure a livelihood, which creates frustration and leads to a loss of personal and social dignity among this social class. My main focus is human dignity in the face of poverty and economic and social marginalization, enabled by a political system allowing contemporary forms of exploitation. In this paper, I refer to social scientists and filmmakers who warn against the escalation of aggression brought on by this phenomenon. The research aim of my study was to acquire knowledge of how the precariat has been presented in selected films and whether and why this phenomenon is the cause of human dignity and social exclusion. The first part covers definitions of the terms involved (precariat, human dignity), while the second discusses three selected films that explore the subject above.