The financial crisis started in 2008 and touched the whole world but some countries experienced its consequences more than others. The European Union and in particular eurozone, slid into a stage of economic recession. Five of 28 EU countries faced the edge of financial fall, named PIIGS-Portugal, Italy, Ireland, Greece and Spain. Multidimensionality of the global crisis have caused that international economic organizations faced a great challenge, For them it was a test of efficiency and effectiveness. The leading role in this period belonged to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), which is standing on the guard of the whole international currency system. The aim of the article is to draw and analyze the most important IMF activities towards PIIGS, especially what instruments were proposed as a help and what changes had to be made by receiving states in order to receive the financial support. The ten-year perspective taken in the article allows for the more comprehensive assessment of the issue.

Venezuela, which is the country with the largest documented oil reserves in the world, has been plunged into a political, economic and social crisis for several years, struggling with recession and multi-digit inflation. In the second half of the second decade of the 21st century, the country’s economic and political situation deteriorated. Over a million Venezuelans have already migrated from their country, where there is a lack of basic everyday products, including food, medicines and hygiene products. In relation to this state, part of a discussion is not only the political or economic crisis, but also the humanitarian one. Venezuela’s internal problems also affect security throughout the Latin American region. International institutions and regional organizations are trying to undertake activities aimed at ending the dictatorial rule of President Nicolás Maduro and restoring the country’s democracy and the rule of law.

Peculiarities of the economic crisis in the post-Soviet space

Last global financial-economic crisis started at the end of 2007 has affected a large number of countries. The crisis, which arose initially in developed countries, was sharply transferred to countries with economies in transition. Thus, the modern economic and financial crisis of the post-Soviet countries came from the outside. The current crisis has shown the pros and cons of the process of economic globalization. The authors examined the problem of intra-regional channels of crisis dissemination, as well as the strengths and weaknesses of national economies, and establishes the degree of involvement of these economies in the globalization process and determines the level of risk associated with this process. The crisis was evaluated based on the performance of the economy of a single country

Graduates Caught by Crises? Analysis of the Situation Faced by People Finishing Education in Relation to the Transformations on the Labour Market

The article presents analysis and auto-analysis of the chances of the pedagogy students on the labour market. Only students that have finished their education between years 2006 and 2009 were considered. In these years polish labour market was between two financial crises, that could have been visible in unemployment rate, room 2004, very high unemployment rate systematically dropped, until in 2008 it reached the lowest rate since the political transformation. However, global financial crisis that begun in USA, started to affect the situation in Poland and at the beginning of 2009 unemployment started to rise. In addition to this, some global tendencies on labour market appeared, among them, deterioration of the young people situation. Despite, the examined students have finished their studies when the unemployment rate was relatively low, they chances to find dream job was not very optimistic. They have found themselves in a trap between crises, their ambitions and between the market opportunities.

The interdependence between the economy and politics is particularly visible during economic crises. The subject of research is the impact of the economic crisis in Spain after 2008 on its political system. And the main aim is to answer the question: what factor had the most important impact on the functioning of the state’s political system. Authors assume that it was the amendment of the Art. 135 of the state constitution. The theoretical framework of the study is the output on the relationship between the economy and politics. The empirical research was based on the analysis of changes in the economic situation in Spain after 2008, and on the analysis of the evolution of the Spanish political system. Obtained results may be useful in the context of the impact of changes in the economic situation caused by the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and the war in Ukraine.

The Fiscal Sustainability in the Economic Crisis and the Constitutional Fiscal Rules – Legal and Financial Perspective

The aim of the article is to analyse selected theoretical and practical aspects of fiscal sustainability and the conditions of economic crisis, in the constitutional and financial context. The legal regulations on the stabilisation of state finances and the constitutional fiscal rules are presented. The values of fiscal indicators in the EU countries in the years 2019–2022 have been compared. The research shows that, despite the increasing legal regulations and progressive constitutionalisation of fiscal rules, intensive intervention measures taken to counteract the economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic have led to fiscal destabilisation.