The INF treaty, which was signed by R. Reagan and M. Gorbachev in 1987, banned ballistic and cruise missiles with a range from 500 to 5500 km. It was the first disarmament treaty that completely eliminated the entire class of already existing weapons, becoming one of the main foundations of the security of Europe. Its importance was recalled along with recurring reports of Russia’s likely violation of the treaty. If the forbidden missiles reappear on the armaments of the Russian army, and there are many indications that this has already happened, it may disrupt the strategic stability in Europe.

The Issue of Supplementing the Ratification Act with Additional Content (art. 89 of the Polish Constitution)

The authors point to arguments of legal interpretation of the Constitution that would justify the possibility of including additional provisions in the statute agreeing to ratify the international agreement (Article 89(1) of the Polish Constitution). A condition for such an extension would be the direct link between the additional content and the implementation of the international agreement and the possibility of adopting additional content in the ordinary legislative procedure. Such provisions could not violate the provisions of the Polish Constitution. The authors also point to non-legal arguments that could justify such action by the legislature in a particular situation. However, they favour the uniqueness of such a solution and its embedding in a specific systemic context.

Place of International Law in the Legal System of Ukraine

An important factor in shaping the legal system of an independent democratic state is to define the place of its international obligations in the domestic legal system. International law binds states that are bound by its norms governing their cooperation within the international community. Therefore, it is necessary to refer to the problem of the relation of international law to internal law by analyzing the regulations of the Ukrainian legislation and the international conventions concluded by it. The subject of the analysis are the provisions of the Constitution of Ukraine of 1996 and the Act on International Agreements of 2004 as well as the provisions of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties of 1969, to which the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic acceded in 1986 and to which Ukraine is now a party.

Stabilising Provisions in the Constitution of the Republic of Poland on the Example of the Concordat Between the Republic of Poland and the Apostolic Capital

The Constitution, in Chapter I of the Republic, contains norms of a stabilising legal status. We address those that raise questions of interpretation, sometimes raised by the doctrine and resolved in different ways. Some are formulated in general terms, which makes it difficult to determine the scope of the protection (stabilisation) provided. We will concentrate on the norms of stabilisation that perpetuate the regulations or even do not allow changes without amending the Constitution of the Republic of Poland – Article 25 Paragraph 4, treating of the agreement concluded with the Holy See, but also those that mention, in various contexts, the constitutional ministers that may not be absent from the government, although the law allows its composition to be shaped freely. It seems that among the norms of a stabilising legal state, the issue of the Concordat is the most emotive. The authors wonder: is it legitimate for the church party to have more rights than the state? A historical-legal method (analysis of the Concordats and the historical-political background) and a dogmatic analysis of the provisions have been used.