Rewolucja seksualna w Chinach – analiza czynników globalizacyjnych i wewnątrzchińskich
- Institution: Uniwersytet SWPS
- Institution: Uniwersytet SWPS
- Year of publication: 2018
- Source: Show
- Pages: 233-258
- DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/ap201811
- PDF: ap/21/ap2111.pdf
Sexual revolution in China – analysis of the global and inner factors
This paper investigates the phenomenon of “sexual revolution” in Mainland China, in other words changes in sexual attitudes and interpersonal relationships among Chinese people after 1979. Until the end of the Mao era strict norms prevailed, with sex outside marriage widely forbidden and strongly frown upon. Authors aim to present historical and cultural conditioning of China’s society that paved the way towards changes in sexual behaviors and practices. In order to further our understanding of the changing nature of sexual behaviors and attitudes, this article examines data obtained from research, surveys and interviews conducted among Chinese in different age groups and place of residence (urban and rural) in Mainland China. Premarital sex, extramarital relationships, mating strategies and sex work practices are analysed. Based on up-to date articles and scientific evidence authors argue than the Single Child Policy was one of the factors that contributed to “sexual revolution” and further, to enormous success of sexual products on the local e-market. The influence of individualist values and the changing cultural norms pertaining to sexual behaviors and mating practices are discussed.
REFERENCES:
- After Long Night, Chinese Sex Toys See New Dawn, Reuters, 20 listopada 2012, https://www.reuters.com/article/china-sex-toys/after-long-night-chinese-sextoys-see-new-dawn-idUSL3E8LG31I20121120.
- All Dolled up: China Sex Toys Play for Real, Business Insider za AFP, 14 kwietnia 2015, http://www.businessinsider.com/afp-all-dolled-up-china-sex-toysplay-for-real-2015-4?IR=T.
- Banschick M., Divorce in China, Psychology Today, 10 czerwca 2013, https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-intelligent-divorce/201306/divorce-in-china.
- Blair S.L., Madigan T.J., Dating Attitudes and Expectations among Young Chinese Adults: and Examination of Gender Differences, „The Journal of Chinese Sociology” 2016, nr 3.
- Borak M., After Live Streaming Success, Momo Looks to More Video Offerings, Technode, 27 lipca 2017, https://technode.com/2017/07/27/after-live-streamingsuccess-momo-looks-to-more-video-offerings.
- China Adult-Care Expo, http://en.shanghai.adcexpo.com/personen/contents/3566/33741.html.
- China Professor’s Wife-sharing Proposal Sparks Ire, BBC News, 23 października 2015, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-34612919.
- China’s Godfather of Sexology Says Prostitution in China is Voluntary, eChinacities.com, 17 kwietnia 2014, http://www.echinacities.com/china-media/Chinas-Godfather-of-Sexology-Says-Prostitution-in-China-is-Voluntary.
- Custer Ch., What Is Different about Dating in China?, 8 kwietnia 2018, https://www.thoughtco.com/dating-in-china-whats-different-687348.
- Decision of the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress on the Punishment of Criminals Who Smuggle, Produce, Sell or Disseminate Pornographic Articles, Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress, 28 grudnia 1990, http://www.lawinfochina.com/display.aspx?lib=law&id=874&CGid=.
- Decision of the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress on Amending Some Laws, 27 sierpnia 2009, http://www.lawinfochina.com/Display.aspx?lib=law&Cgid=120889.
- Fang Fu Ruan, Molleen Matsumara, Sex in China. Studies in Sexology in Chinese Culture, New York 1991.
- Fincher L.H., Betraying Big Brother: The Feminist Awakening in China, London–New York 2018.
- Fincher L.H., Leftover Women: The Resurgence of Gender Inequality in China, London 2014.
- Furio Fu, Prostitution in China, Saoire di Cina, 25 stycznia 2012, http://www.saporedicina.com/english/chinese-prostitutes/.
- Giddens A., The Consequences of Modernity, Stanford 1990.
- Godwin J., Sex Work and the Law in Asia and the Pacifi c: Laws, HIV and Human Rights in the Context of Sex Work, UNDP Thailand, październik 2012.
- Greenhalgh S., Patriarchal Demographics? China’s Sex Ratio Reconsidered, „Population and Development Review” 2012, t. 38.
- Gross N., The Detraditionalization of Intimacy Reconsidered, „Sociological Theory” 2005, t. 23, nr 3.
- Hesketh T., Li Lu, Wei Xing Xing, The Effect of China’s One-Child Family Policy after 25 Years, Health Policy Report, „The New England Journal of Medicine”, 15 września 2005, https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMhpr051833.
- Hesketh T., Wei Xing Zhu, The One Child Family Policy: The Good the Bad, and the Ugly, „British Medical Journal” 1997, nr 314.
- Huang Yingyang, Suiming Pan, Government Crackdown of Sex Work in China: Responses from Female Sex Workers and Implications on Their Health, „Global Public Health”, wrzesień 2014.
- Hunwick R.F., The Guangzhou Sex Festival: ‘Where Is The Sex?’, SupChina, 3 listopada 2017, https://supchina.com/2017/11/03/where-is-the-sex-walkingthrough-chinas-largest-most-infamous-sexpo.
- Jeffreys E., Sex and Sexuality in China, Abingdon 2006.
- Jiayan Xie, In China, People Aren’t for Sale, but They Are for Rent, „Foreign Policy”, 12 kwietnia 2016, http://foreignpolicy.com/2016/04/12/china-peoplefor-rent-startup-app-prostitution-social-networking-sex/.
- Jingjing Chen, Xiaoling Shu, Gender and Divorce in China, „Asia Dialogue”, 9 października 2017, https://cpianalysis.org/2017/10/09/gender-and-divorce-in-china/.
- Kaining Zhang, Sexual and Reproductive Health in China: Reorienting Concepts and Methodology, Leiden 2011.
- Kink Goes Viral, „China Economic Review”, 18 maja 2015, https://chinaeconomicre-view.com/kink-goes-viral.
- Kleinman A., Yanjiang Yan (red.), Deep China: The Moral Life of the Person. What Anthropology and Psychiatry Tell Us about China Today, Berkeley 2011.
- Lee E., Chinese Dating App Momo Sees Record Revenue Growth Thanks to Live Streaming, 9 marca 2017, https://techcrunch.com/2017/03/09/momo-live-streaming/?guc-counter=1.
- Lian Mo, China’s Store-bought Sexual Revolution, „China Daily”, 7 października 2010, http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2010-07/10/content10090544.htm.
- Lijia Zhang, How China’s Market Economy Has Fuelled a Prostitution Boom, „South China Morning Post”, 12 stycznia 2018, http://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/2127627/how-chinas-market-economy-hasfuelled-prostitution-boom.
- Lily Kuo, China’s Crackdown on Prostitution Just Shut Down 20 Million We-Chat Accounts, QZ.com, 10 czerwca 2014, https://qz.com/218906/chinas-crackdown-on-prostitution-just-shut-down-20-million-wechat-accounts/.
- Lily Kuo, Chinese Province Introduces ‘Divorce Test’ for Couples Planning to Split, „The Guardian”, 23 maja 2018, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/may/23/chinese-province-introduces-divorce-test-for-couples-planning-to-split.
- Liu Ch., Beijing Leads Divorces in China. Stay-at-Home Moms Most Likely to Cheat, 11 września 2017, https://www.thebeijinger.com/blog/2017/09/11/beijing-has-highest-divorce-rate-china.
- Lockett H., Kink Goes Viral, „China Economic Review” 2015.
- Malovic D., Miłość made in China, przekł. E. Kucharska, Kraków 2018.
- Malovic D., Chinka szuka Chińczyka, koniecznie z mieszkaniem, „Duży Format”, dodatek do „Gazety Wyborczej”, 4 czerwca 2018, http://wyborcza.pl/duzyformat/7,127290,23469357,chinka-szuka-chinczyka-koniecznie-z-mieszkaniem.html?disableRedirect-s=true.
- Man Lun Ng, Lau M.P., Sexual Attitudes in the Chinese, „Archives of Sexual Behavior” 1990, nr 4.
- Mazurowska K., Współczesne Chinki – trudna droga do samorealizacji, [w:] E. Potocka (red.), Kobiety w cywilizacji konfucjańskiej, Toruń 2014.
- McMillan J., Sex, Science and Morality in China, New York 2006.
- Mei Fong, Sex Dolls Are Replacing China’s Missing Women, „Foreign Policy”, 28 września 2017, http://foreignpolicy.com/2017/09/28/sex-dolls-are-replacingchinas-missing-women-demographics.
- Monto M.M., Carey A.G., A New Standard of Sexual Behavior? Are Claims Associated With the “Hookup Culture” Supported by General Social Survey Data?, „Journal of Sex Research” 2014, nr 51.
- Muyu Xu, Ryan Woo, China Girlfriend Rental App Gets Leg up from Lunar New Year Demand, Reuters, 26 stycznia 2017, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lunar-newyear-china-girlfriend/china-girlfriend-rental-app-gets-leg-upfrom-lunar-new-year-demand-idUSKBN15A1NY.
- Parish W.L., Lauman E.E., Mojola S.A., Sexual Behavior in China: Trends and Comparisons, „Population and Development Review” 2007, nr 33–34.
- Quanlin Qiu, Sales of Adult Toys Soar on Hot Demand, „China Daily”, 16 lutego 2016, http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2016-02/16/content23498080.htm.
- Sales of Sex Toys Sky Rocket in China, „GBTimes”, 16 lutego 2016, https://gbtimes.com/sales-sex-toys-sky-rocket-china.
- Sex Shop and the City, China.org.cn, „China Daily”, 17 czerwca 2008, http://www.china.org.cn/living_in_china/news/2008-06/17/content_15841834.htm.
- Suiming Pan, A Sex Revolution in Current China, „Journal of Psychology and Human Sexuality” 1994, nr 2.
- Suiming Pan, A Sex Revolution in Current China. Market Study: Adult Products Industry in China, „Daxue Consulting”, 25 lutego 2013, http://daxueconsulting.com/market-study-on-adult-product-industry-in-china/.
- Swept Away: Abuses against Sex Workers in China, Human Rights Watch 2013.
- Tatlow D.K., In China, a Lonely Valentine’s Day for Millions of Men, „The New York Times”, 14 lutego 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/14/world/asia/china-men-marriage-gen-der-gap.html.
- Teather D.C.B., Yee H., China in Transition: Issues and Policies, New York 1999.
- Trent K., South S.J., Too Many Men? Sex Ratios and Women’s Partnering Behavior in China, „Social Forces”, 1 września 2011, t. 90, nr 1.
- Ukretsky E., ‘Mobile Men with Money’: The Socio-cultural and Politico-economic Context of High Risk Behavior among Wealthy Businessmen and Government Officials in Urban China, „Culture Health and Sexuality”, listopad 2008, nr 10 (8).
- Vern Bullough, Ruan Fang Fu, Marriage, Divorce and Sexual Relations in Contemporary China, „Journal of Comparative Family Studies” 1994, nr 25.
- Wang Feng, Yong Cai, Baochang Gu, Population, Policy, and Politics: How Will History Judge China’s One-Child Policy, „Population and Development Review” 2013, nr 38.
- Weijun Zheng, Xudong Zhou, Chi Zhou, Therese Hesketh, Detraditionalization and Attitudes to Sex Outside Marriage in China, „Culture, Health & Sexuality” 2011, nr 13.
- Więckowski H., Chiny kończą z polityką jednego dziecka, „Newsweek”, 30 stycznia 2017, http://www.newsweek.pl/swiat/polityka-jednego-dziecka-wchinach-zakonczona-,artykuly,373096,1.html.
- Więckowski H., Polityka jednego dziecka i jej wpływ na strukturę demograficzną Chińskiej Republiki Ludowej, „Zarządzanie Publiczne” 2014, nr 1 (25).
- Xiaochun Zhao, China’s New Dating App Giant Emerging: Nasdaq-Listed Momo to Acquire Tinder-Like Tantan, „KrAsia”, 23 lutego 2018, https://krasia.com/nasdaq-listed-momo-to-acquire-chinese-tinder-tantan/.
- Xiaodong Wang, Report: Sex Ratio to Balance out by 2030, 27 stycznia 2017, http://www.chi-nadaily.com.cn/china/2017-01/27/content28064356.htm.
- Xiaoyi Fang et al., Profi le of Female Sex Workers in a Chinese County: Does It Differ by where They Come from and where They Work?, „World Health Population”, styczeń 2007, nr 9 (1), http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC2249564.
- Yuxin Pei, Petula Sik-Ying Ho, Man Lun Ng, Studies on Women’s Sexuality in China since 1980: A Critical Review, „Journal of Sex Research” 2007, t. 44, nr 2.
- Zhiwen Xiao, Purnima Mehrotra, Zimmerman R., Sexual Revolution in China: Implications for Chinese Women and Society, „AIDS Care”, czerwiec 2011, nr 23.
biznes erotyczny zachowania seksualne w Chinach planowanie rodziny relacje intymne w Chinach chińska rodzina Chiny współczesne społeczeństwo chińskie