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In the pedagogical analysis of the undertaken issues, some theoretical and methodological conceptualizations have been applied that refer to: Ward H. Goodenough’s axiological concept of culture as a set of values, Paweł Boski’s theory of the cultural identity based on values and practices in bior multicultural socialization, Tadeusz Lewowicki’s theory of identity behaviours, constructivist perspective and Harold J. Noah’s model of the comparison of academic education. The assumption was also made that the research into the feeling of association with selected social groups manifested by students from the PolishCzech borderland enables one to learn the way(s) in which students understand themselves, the others and the world – the way(s) anchored in their own experience and culture. The differences in the declared by students the feeling of association with selected social groups point to a visible tendency to the young generation’s identification with different communities – of their homeland, local, regional, or more broadly, European or supraEuropean ones. The construction of their own identity by university students means drifting apart from its homogenous dimension and getting closer to discovering the conscious choice of an enriched, multidimensional identity, which is most often determined by processes of the democratization of social life, which take place at various paces and in different scopes. Contrary to their Polish peers, the identity profile of Czech students has mostly a national dimension and is characterized by a clear preference for their own ethnic (national) group in regard to identity, language and social contacts.

The goal of the text is to put forth a number of terms that will facilitate the analysis of the ways in which new German-Polish borderlands are presented that focus on the issues of the Other. Alongside the exploratory perspective, the article identifies (and terms) the following ways: eliminative-one-sided (on the example of Polish poems from the late 1940s); revelatory-documenting (exemplified by an artistic film documentary made in the 21st); expository-archiving (based on three anthologies of borderland narratives prior to 1945). The essence of the article also includes an expansion of the definition of the term “multiple land”. This meta-term is of polycentric nature. Its use determines a multi-perspective view of various borderland territories. It may be used in didactics as a means of facilitating the understanding and description of phenomena and processes characteristic of borderlands. The term multiple land enables a retreat from myth-based vocabulary, such as the Polish “regained territories” or German “Lost Heimat”. The article also emphasizes the need for a particular metalinguistic sensitivity in academic and educational descriptions of borderlands.

The aim of the text is to present the educational potential of selected books by Iwona Chmielewska - a Polish artist, illustrator, graphic artist. The attention was paid to the content of selected works by the author, which can be treated as tools conducive to work on the development of readers’ imagination and empathy. By analyzing the entire architecture of selected picture books by Chmielewska, they can be seen as an unlimited field that can be used to design „educational opportunities”. The text is an idea of going out to children with an art book, an encouragement to look for others with a similar wealth of metaphors and symbols, so that this type of literature becomes the subject of various forms of school and extracurricular education. The text is structured as follows: explain the meaning of the term picture book; emphasizing the importance of picturebooks in contemporary culture; an attempt to define the characteristic style of Iwona Chmielewska’s books; consider the importance of empathy and imagination for the cultural sensitization of the reader; presenting proposals for educational activities inspired by the books by Iwona Chmielewska. The content analysis method used in the methodology of qualitative research was used.

The aim of the research was to establish the relationship between Polish and Ukrainian students’ social distance towards „others” and their place of residence. Social distance is defined according to the conception of E. Bogardus, as the level of liking and closeness of relations, or aversion and avoiding contacts with certain people or social groups. „Other” is understood as a person of different nationality. The author employs diagnostic poll as the method and the social distance scale as the tool of research. 480 students from Poland and 491 from Ukraine were included in the study. The analyses proved the existence of directly proportional relationship between the investigated factors. The subjects coming from large cities show more positive attitude towards „others” than the ones who live in towns and villages. Large cities are becoming more and more culturally diversified in terms of material, spiritual and symbolic spheres. The strangers who arrive at big agglomerations bring different cultural patterns, axiological and normative systems as well as languages.. They come in order to seek employment or as tourists. The situation leads to more intense contacts and multidimensional interactions, which, in turn, result in getting to know each other, increased understanding of individuality, tolerance and acceptance of values. The phenomenon in not usually found in towns and villages.

The article is of a contributory nature and is an introduction to the topic of cabaret pedagogy. Cabaret, as an important area of contemporary popular culture and a separate genre of art, performs specific social, aesthetic and educational functions. It is a carrier of criticism, a form of exposing reality and building a community based on laughter. By using its usual means, such as irony, grotesque or satire, cabaret performs its overriding function, which is to transgress taboos and to question the obvious. The cabaret, embedded in popular culture, is characterized by the so-called semantic incompleteness, that is, it generates fragmentary and random meanings that initiate thought processes. The starting point for the considerations undertaken in the text is the pedagogical theory of cabaret developed in the 1970s by the German researcher Jürgen Henningsen, which was an impulse to think about cabaret in terms of public pedagogy, specifically the so-called perverse pedagogy - in opposition to mainstream pedagogy. The study highlights and briefly discusses three basic traces of cabaret pedagogy - ironic and grotesque, carnival and clown pedagogy.

The article presents the history and current activities of Cinecittà in Rome, one of the most important film companies in the world, also known as „Hollywood on the Tiber”. The author draws attention to the fact that the research up to date has focused mainly on Italian cinema, while Cinecittà appears as a supplement to the critical analysis of that cinematography. Starting from the history of the production company, what dates back to 30’s of the XX century, the author shows how the Roman film town has changed over the years and what its legal situation is like. The next chapter describes the current activities of Cinecittà, where runs a professional film and television studio, which produces films, series, commercials, music videos, commercial events; a museum (Cinecittà si mostra) and an important and internatrional cultural institution (Istituto Luce) with educational and promotional range. The considerations are complemented with examples of films produced in the company. Summing up, the author suggests that Cinecittà deserves a separate and insightful elaboration, which does not still exist in Polish language.

The cycle of fourteen carols and pastorals by Stanisław Hadyna is one of the author’s lesser known works. It was created as a result of cooperation between the composer and two great artists - Kazimierz Szemioth and Władysław Ochman. Analysis of the pieces has been conducted with use of specialized literature on musicology, folklore and literary studies supported by practice as a singer and choir director. The goal was to study author’s possible inspirations, to underline the relationship between music and lyrics, to present selected vocal difficulties and to look at the cycle as a whole. Research has been performed with the use of the monographic method. Practical activities consisted of analyzing the score, source text, publications and recordings. Following sources were used: Narodziła nam się dobroć [Goodness was born] by Stanisław Hadyna (lyrics - Kazi mierz Szemioth, Officina Silesia, 2009) and recordings of Wiesław Ochman and Capella Arcis Varsoviensis (dir. Marek Sewen, 1985). As a result, it has been proven that analyzed pieces have their origin in traditional Polish songs. Conclusions from the analysis demonstrate importance of lyrics which form a part equally important to music. In summary, awareness of means of expression used by composer is key to performance of the work.

The subject-matter of my consideration covers chosen films about social inequalities and the resulting unrest in various parts of the world at the turn of the second and third decade of the 21st century. Film characters deprived of education, work, medical care and a dignified place to live have no hope of improving their existence. Growing frustration leads to aggression, breaking the law, brutal violence as well as riots and street fights. The purpose of this article is to reflect on the issues raised in film discourses and to try to find answers to questions about the causes and factors that cause social unrest. The category of human dignity was used to analysis the studied issues.

The text presents a weighty problem of the authority in pre-school education, which as an element of educational practice plays a decisive role in the process of generating cultural awareness of the child. The direct subject of the analysis are fragments of teacher-student dialogues that focus on the problem of authority; its practical exemplification is St. Francis (also the patron of the kindergarten in which the research was carried out). The teacher is participation in the process of transmitting knowledge about authority and in creating an emotional relationship between authority and student is particularly interesting. The problem of authority, which was essential for the article, turned out to be important for recognizing the importance of the so-called pedagogy of authority within which the child’s identity is at stake. In this sense, the article is a contribution to the discussion on the construction of the child’s subjectivity in the institutional context.

In the article, I focus on the elements of school’s culture, which is present in the narrative of the child’s student, embedding my reflections in the psychocultural approach to education (J.S. Bruner) and the Goffman’s model of total institutions. The collision of the child’s world, created by the culture of the family environment with the culture of the school, brings with it many tensions and imperatives for the constant reconstruction of meanings so far (un) present in his biographical experience. The analysis and interpretation of the child’s narrative interview in a constructivist approach has allowed to gather knowledge about patterns of behavior, prohibitions, precepts, expectations and values that the school culture overtly or covertly imposes on the child, socializing him/her into the role of a student. The cultural aspects taken up in the child’s narrative show what elements of the school’s cultural world represent opportunities and threats for the development of his or her identity and personality towards a sense of causality and values.

The article explores the relationship between the attitudes of the respondents towards transplantation and their sense of coherence. The presented results were obtained through the statistical analysis of data collected in a group of 467 students. The study used a self-designed questionnaire and scale to study attitudes of academic youth towards transplantation alongside Antonovsky’s Orientation to Life Questionnaire (SOC-29). The results obtained prove that there is no correlation that would justify the conclusion that the sense of coherence of the respondents has a statistically significant connection with their attitude towards transplantation. However, the sense of coherence positively correlates with one of the components of the attitude towards transplantation. This concerns the level of Knowledge, which means that people with a high sense of coherence are significantly more likely to have a higher level of Knowledge related to transplantation. The data confirmed the existence of a correlation between the level of knowledge of the respondents related to the issue of transplantation and all the components constituting a sense of coherence, i.e. a manageability, meaningfulness and comprehensibility. Conclusions formulated on the basis of the obtained results point to the necessity of taking up a contemporary pedagogical challenge, which is health education aimed at shaping social attitudes towards transplantation. An additional recommendation is to enrich educational programs with activities the goal of which is to create a high sense of coherence in their recipients, which, by definition, should have pro-health consequences for a wide group of beneficiaries.

In this article, I present the topic of work on the feelings undertaken by doctors and medical staff towards a child with a rare disease and its immediate family. I refer to the sociological concept of the trajectory of the disease. I used the method of the narrative interview in terms of Frütz Schitze. In the last part of the article, I present the results of research carried out with the mother of the sick person. The respondent presents cooperation with specialists in a negative light. Both doctors and nurses do not undertake interactional work of the patient and his relatives, nor do they trustt work in them and biographical work. Such work is of great importance in the treatment of the child and in the process of supporting his relatives. Actions taken by specialists affect the life of the patient and his family not only in terms of physical health. They are also about the well-being of the family, its emotional resources. The result of evident mistakes in these actions is the fact that the mother of the sick child does not work through a difficult biographical experience.

The COVID-19 pandemic has taken the whole world by surprise and has affected all sections of society. One of them are entrepreneurs whose crisis affects themselves, the people they employ, and the economy in general. The article presents how entrepreneurs use their resources in the form of social contacts, coping with the difficulties of the crisis. It also presents the role of business organizations and the relationships they create in the face of a pandemic. How drawing support from relationships that were established against the backdrop of community activity has proved to be of great importance in the face of the pandemic. The publication discusses such issues as: the features of the crisis, the role of the organization in supporting entrepreneurs, the influence of relations on coping with the crisis, and manifestations of trust in a group. The results of the research collected qualitatively in the form of the participants’ written statements show how, in times of a pandemic, they show the sense of support obtained from people in a similar situation. They present what makes entrepreneurs, despite the difficulties related to the crisis, not only able to protect themselves against collapse, but also to develop their companies?

A contemporary human being expands and uses their individual abilities to update, deepen and enrich the potential of knowledge, skills and competences in order to adapt to the changing social living space. The tasks imposed by the contemporary society necessitate creation and fulfillment of an individual who learns to live and is able to develop in the individual and collective dimension by professionalisation and use of their own competence potential. The contemporary civilisational tasks are not based on preparing individuals for the existing society but on providing stimuli enabling every human being, by using their competence potential, to understand the surrounding world, to create it, to be its actual participant and recipient, and to feel responsible for it now and in the future.

Drawing inspiration from the research of C. Timoszyk-Tomczak (2003), who, analyzing the strategies and styles of constructing the future (realistic, authority, coercion, wishful thinking, expectations and carpe diem), drew attention to their diversity, which is a consequence of, among others, the context for whom the „constructor” lives, the multitude of his experiences and the range of possibilities to choose from, it was decided to examine the declarations of primary school youth on the planning strategies they choose. Students were asked to choose 2 descriptions that best explicate their current situation, assuming that young people can use several strategies simultaneously, creating their hybrids to various contexts of youthful functioning and areas under consideration. Students opting for any of the options provided information about their preferred style of action in terms of designing the future and making significant life decisions, also taking into account their temporative aspect. Which of the strategies for constructing the future they lean towards in their career endeavors - may be a determinant of their sense of professional satisfaction and a sense of achieving professional success versus its lack.

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Benefits and risks of remote teaching from a students’ and academic teachers’ prespective of selected Cracow universities

The epidemiological situation in Poland and in the world was a specific impulse to change education from stationary to remote education, for which it was necessary to use appropriate methods and tools. These circumstances have become a challenge not only for students, but also for academic teachers who try to provide future graduates with the knowledge, competences and skills needed by young people to work in the profession. This publication attempts to discuss the theoretical aspects of remote education based on the available literature. The research conducted and the results obtained on the basis of the respondents’ responses to the proprietary questionnaire, which was carried out using Google Forms from March 10 to April 13, 2021, are described. 115 academic teachers and 229 students participated in the study. The diagnostic survey was an anonymous form of obtaining answers to 12 questions. In the questionnaire, the questionnaire was asked about the tools used for online classes and used to contact the academic teacher - student, student - student relationship. Concentration in classes and communication problems were also investigated. The article also considers the benefits and risks of distance learning at selected Krakow universities from the perspective of academic teachers and students. It was found that the most effective acquisition of knowledge occurs through a combination of distance and stationary teaching. The hybrid mode reduces the level of threats related to e-learning and sums up the benefits of traditional and distance learning.

The trauma of COVID-19 in Polish metropolises – a case study of Kraków

The article presents the results of research on the socio-cultural trauma induced by the coronavirus pandemic. The research was conducted on a sample of 650 inhabitants of Kraków. The CAWI survey (Computer-Assisted Web Interview) was used in the research. The pandemic and concurrent phenomena resulted in a decrease in living standard. It is related to all the aspects of daily functioning. The rise of coronavirus and its rapid spreading made people lose their existential security. Their current world became uncertain, which resulted in fear and anxiety among individuals. Anxiety, sadness, exhaustion, boredom and loneliness are present among dominant emotions. The presence of negative emotions indicates that the pandemic strongly influenced the emotional and mental lives of the respondents. As a response to the rising trauma, the inhabitants of Kraków mainly applied active strategies of coping with it. It is worth adding that the traumatic process has just been triggered and along with subsequent negative effects, which reveal themselves in the post-pandemic reality, it will accumulate and have a destructive impact on society.

Changes in the quality of academic education in the time of the COVID-19 pandemic

Through the first period of the coronavirus pandemic, and in the need to teach remotely the education system in Poland underwent the accelerated process of implementation of distance learning solutions. The task that universities set themselves in the era of the prevailing pandemic was to maintain the quality of education at the existing level, while ensuring the safety of students and lecturers. The main aim of the study is to illustrate the changes in the academic education process that occurred during the COVID-19 pandemic. This article highlights the specific features of distance learning, pointing to its positive and negative sides. To achieve the assumed goal, a query of domestic and foreign literature in the field of the presented research issues was used, as well as an analysis of secondary sources of information, mainly reports on remote education research during the pandemic. The analyzes show that the forced transfer of education to virtual platforms brought some benefits, but also resulted in a number of unfavorable changes. The educational experience so far during the pandemic has shown that the transfer of this form of verification of learning outcomes to cyberspace posed serious problems - not so much for students, but for teachers. Remote education offers hope for matching teaching techniques to the needs of students, as well as for forcing lecturers to improve the quality of their classes, also in terms of content. Distance learning techniques are therefore becoming an integral part of the education process. The issues discussed in the article may constitute a starting point for further in-depth research.

Academic education in conditions of the COVID-19 epidemic threat – the perspective of students and lecturers

Understanding the opinions of students and lecturers of Polish universities on the quality of academic education during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as their recommended activities for improvement of learning processes in the event of a constant epidemic threat was the main goal of the conducted research. The main tool in the adopted research model were proprietary questionnaire forms based on the Servqual methodology. The research results presented in the publication illustrate the gaps (differences) between the expectations of students and lecturers and the aspects assessed by them, which make up the quality of academic education. 145 students, representing 12 Polish universities participated in the research. They represented both a practical and general academic profile of studies, full-time and part-time studies. In the case of lecturers, the research sample was 81 academic staff representing 20 Polish universities. According to the position held, the most numerous group of lecturers were: assistant professors, senior lecturers, university professors, lecturers and assistants. The publication presents the problems most frequently indicated by students and lecturers related to the prolonged COVID-19 pandemic, including the implementation of distance learning. Methods of improving the organization of didactic classes in the context of the epidemic threat were also presented.

Distance learning of pedagogy students during the COVID-19 pandemic – empirical considerations

The article presents the results of research conducted in 2020 among students of pedagogy of the Institute of Education and Communication Research of the Silesian University of Technology in Gliwice (Poland) regarding the evaluation of the quality of remote education introduced in response to the situation caused by the global COVID-19 pandemic and compared them with the results obtained by others native and foreign researchers, which made it possible to specify several conclusions for further work on the application of this form of education in academic education. The main method used in the research was a diagnostic survey with the technique assigned to it. The survey, taking into account the current situation of the university, resulting from distance learning during the pandemic, as well as other information disclosed by the media, consisted of two parts. The first part contained four questions (including those relating to demographic conditions). The second part consisted of questions focused on the research issues set out in this study, the main purpose of which was to learn about the opinions and views of students of pedagogy on compulsory distance education, implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic. The results of the research have brought a lot of new information, important for the extended analyzes and measurements of remote education conducted in many countries during the lockdown, which will allow, during possible subsequent epidemic threats, to exclude the diagnosed and identified problems that hinder the implementation of remote education of students.

Remote teaching during the COVID-19 pandemic – students’ opinions, conclusions, practical implications. Research report

This article presents the results of own research carried out on a sample of 507 students of Polish universities who, due to the global pandemic situation, carried out their classes at their home university as part of education using remote education methods and techniques. The research was carried out at the turn of March and April 2021 to learn about the reflections of students who, as it can be assumed, have already got used to remote education. The objectives of the research were focused on learning about the methods of delivering lectures, practical, training, and laboratory classes at universities during the pandemic, as well as communication and technology tools that academic teachers used in the process of learning and communicating with students. The research was focused on identifying the level of students’ involvement and motivation in the education process during a pandemic, as well as on the diagnosis of factors that make it difficult for students to learn remotely. The aim of the research was also to find out about the competencies of students, which were developed during remote education, and additionally, the forms of learning preferred by students, enabling the achievement of the assumed didactic goals.

From high school graduate to student – remote education in the perspective of students of the 1st year of study

This article presents a theoretical analysis and a report on a segment of research conducted among first-year students. In the research, In the research, I used a free interview, which allowed me to get to know the interpretation and experience related to remote preparation for the matriculation examination and study from the perspective of the research participants. The analysis of the material was qualitative. The main issue of the article focuses on the multidimensionality and complexity of the problems experienced by students preparing for the matura exams in a remote form and how they perceive the first year of studies in such a formula. In the perspective of first-year students, many challenges are faced by teachers and lecturers, who are expected to reorganize their classes and adapt teaching methods to remote classes. Also, students rich in new experiences are not the same people, they have to learn how to function in a group and build relationships again. Research has also shown that the perspective of remote education is different and its negative impact on the school and academic community cannot be clearly defined.

Development of students’ social competence in an age of online learning

The article is the research report. The aim of the investigation was to address the question how students evaluate the development of their social competence regarding learning online which became inevitable due to the COVID19 pandemic. 350 students from three universities in Opole participated in the research. The diagnostic survey method was applied. In order to collect the research material, an original online survey questionnaire was used. The study participants responded to questions on the basis of a fivepoint scale. The analysis of the results indicates that the highest valued competence for the respondents was the ability of selfmanagement in time (M=3.71) along with the ability of expressing one’s own opinion (M=3.66), whereas the lowest valued competence was maintaining relations (M=2.84) and regularity of learning (M=2.87). It also turned out that women valued the development of their social competence significantly higher than men (M=3.44; M=2.94). Considerably higher results also appeared in extramural students compared to fulltime students (M=3.63; M=3.27). Moreover, early years students rated the innovative approach to problemsolving and systematic learning significantly higher than older students.

Teaching of Scandinavian languages in the time of pandemic – (necessary) changes in the syllabus, positive and negative aspects

The outburst of COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020 for the first time in the history of 21st century led to a sudden cease in the functioning of the modern world. An initial disbelieve, common fear and the feeling of uncertainty had to pass as decisions had to be made fast and actions taken into place without hesitation. The world of academia suddenly had to face the challenge of reorganising the well-known approaches and teaching methods. This article is an attempt to describe the necessary changes that were introduced in the syllabus and teaching approach for Scandinavian languages at the Institute of Applied Linguistic at the Faculty of Applied Linguistics of the University of Warsaw in the time of pandemic. The positive and negative aspects of the introduced changes are presented with reference to the specifics of “small languages” didactics that is among others working with highly motivated students. The authors present the results of the survey research that aimed at checking and levelling students’ motivation and involvement while working online; evaluating the Swedish courses in the time of pandemic with reference to the introduced changes.

Teaching the metrology of geometric quantities during a pandemic – analysis of learning possibilities and effects

The article presents the issues related to the learning of technical subjects within distance learning. The author started by outlining the scope of regulations in force at technical universities and introduced by the Rector for the duration of the pandemic. Their aim was to standardize the methods of education as well as the rules of organizing credits and examinations remotely. Examples of learning outcomes necessary to be achieved by students as a result of completing the metrology course are also presented. They were divided into three groups: knowledge, skills and competences, emphasizing unequivocally the effects that in the case of only the remote form of education may be difficult to achieve by the participants of the above-mentioned course. Then, the applied forms of teaching metrology were presented, emphasizing their usefulness and paying attention to the risks in the context of the content transmitted in a remote form. The last part of the article contains a summary of the results obtained by students of two different faculties in the last five years. The analyzed period of time covered the four years before the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic, and the last year where education and credits were conducted remotely.

Accounting Education in times of the COVID-19 pandemic – virtual teaching and implications for the future

The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly accelerated the transformation of education from a traditional to a virtual model. The aim of this study is to present the most important didactic challenges faced by accounting lecturers during the pandemic. On their basis, the problem of teaching methods and the substantive scope in accounting education in the future was analyzed. The basic research methods used are literature studies, as well as formulating conclusions on the basis of the deduction and synthesis methods. The first pandemic experiences in accounting education were intensive work on rethinking and redesigning the in many cases exclusively traditional blackboard education for the use of e-learning. The rebuilding and updating of teaching materials, combined with technical problems, was very time consuming. In accounting education, new methods such as flipped learning, microlearning, crowdlearning have been introduced. In addition to discussing modern methods of education, the article highlights the need to supplement or extend the substantive scope with issues related to online accounting services and cybersecurity in accounting offices. An additional challenge is to ensure an adequate level of education in the times of growing challenges related to reporting sustainable development by economic entities.

Social prevention as an activity to intensify mental resilience

Preventive activities prevent emerging social problems, using various methods and tools for work. This article will introduce the idea of conducting social prevention using paintball and survival, as tools for therapeutic work. Social prevention based on the elements of survival has the nature of recreational activities that prepare participants to take action in difficult conditions and to look for ways to deal with their own weaknesses. In research on strengthening mental resilience, I adopt the concept of grounded theory, based on interviews and participant observation. Social prophylaxis with elements of paintball and the art of survival has features that strengthen mental resilience, teach self-confidence and persistence. Movement prophylaxis uses human potential, energy, and verve to make the best use of these elements in the practical experience of life. Physical activity causes positive changes in human functioning and teaches how to react to difficult situations. The aim of the article is to provide research knowledge on the strength of mental resilience from paintball players who organize preventive measures. The developed materials will be used to build an alternative vision of spending free time for children, adolescents, and their parents.

The creative attitude of employees of the organization and their hope for success

The article analyses the relationship between the creative attitude of the employees of the organization and their hope for success. 20 people holding managerial and executive positions in organizations of a service and production profile in south-eastern Poland participated in the study. There were 66 women and 54 men among the respondents. The research used the Creative Behaviour Questionnaire - KANH (Bernacka, Popek, Gierczyk, 2016) and the Questionnaire of Hope-KNS (Łaguna, Trzebiński, Zięba, 2005). The research results obtained indicate the existence of positive relationships between the creative attitude and its dimensions: conformity - non-conformity, algorithmic-heuristic behaviour and the general level of hope for success and its components: willpower and the ability to find solutions. Hope for success manifests itself in thought processes and concrete action. Therefore, in new surprising situations, creative people do not give up, but overcome obstacles in the pursuit of the desired goal, are characterized by the ability to look for solutions. The study results may be important for increasing the effectiveness of activities in the organization, especially in the situation of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Art and science of creating a questionnaires in quantitative research. New reality and new challenges

The text enriches the theoretical reflection on the standardization of measurement tools in the methodology of social sciences. The need for this text is also, to some extent, didactic and organizing the reflection so far. This article presents the original concept of analyzing questionnaire questions on three following levels: content-related, logical, and psychological. The substantive / content-related level refers to the division according to the way of construction - structure, format - questions and/or answers. On the other hand, the logical plane is a division according to the functions given questions or groups of questions fulfilled in a broader context, i.e. concerning the whole questionnaire. The psychological plane was distinguished due to the intended or unintended but unavoidable emotional reactions evoked by the respondent). In the last part of the text, a reflection on the most common errors in research tools is presented and recommendations for avoiding them are formulated.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

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The upcoming transformations of today’s societies into sustainable societies pose numerous problems. To avoid the destruction of the foundations of life in the Anthropocene, a profound social and cultural transformation encompassing all areas of life is required. To know how this can be accomplished requires extensive research and knowledge, the reliability of which plays an important role. The more open and diverse the global world becomes, the more difficult it is to determine which facts are important and what consequences can be drawn from them for human action. Instead of a reflexive approach to the results of scientific research, today one often encounters a populist approach to science. Its results are used to support preconceived opinions. One is not interested in new findings but aims at the disparagement of people of other opinions and their hateful insult. A destructive division of society is the result of the debates that are so important for the future of humanity.

There is a growing academic tradition of employing strategies of reflective skills in social work education. Social professions are often dealing with the problems of vulnerability and complexity that exist when encountering clients’ needs. This article arises from the experiences of the author in providing reflective learning to health and social work students in Sweden. This study opens with evoking the concept of knowing and learning. It explores and discusses the epistemological basis of reflective learning to facilitate students’ knowledge creation, clinical reasoning and reflective learning in front-on planning interventions. Further, the study present an example of a reflection scheme matrix applied in the social work and social pedagogy bachelor educational programs at Malmö University to support student’s reflective learning and information gathering while planning social interventions for service receivers. During their reflective reasoning, students are supported in their process of reflection to gain control of the unsorted information and shape a base for their own internal experience while analysing the client’s situation. This article concludes with commentary about reflective learning potential including making sense of real professional situations, meaningful engagements and how to prepare students for professional operationalisation in complex, unpredictable situations.

The study analyzes student, school and district level inequalities of Albanian education system as evidenced in two large-scale assessments. Two main datasets were used for this study, PISA 2018 and the Albanian State Matura Exam 2017. Due to the limited availability of data, the study could only consider a small number of dependent variables at the individual, school, and district level. Utilizing a multilevel analysis, the study observes considerable differences among schools and districts in all three PISA domains and the State Matura Exam. The results were inconclusive regarding shortages of resources at the school and district level. Staff shortage was associated with academic performance in the PISA 2018 dataset, but no statistical association could be identified with the lack of school resources. The analysis of the district financial resources did not show any significant relationship between spending and school performance in the Albanian State Matura Exam. Gender disparities were present in both datasets. Socioeconomic factors, which were measured only in the PISA dataset, had an effect on the student’ achievement.

The article presents the results of empirical research, conducted according to quantitative strategy, on the significance for the level of school helplessness of the conditions of psychosocial development created for pupils in their fifth year of learning in primary school in relationships with teachers and peers and in relation to the grades received in Polish language and math classes throughout the school year. The regression analysis indicated that relationships with teachers exert the stronger impact on the level of helplessness, followed by school grades, and relationships with peers. The teacher can influence each of these factors. This means that the chances that pupils have of fulfilling the developmental task for the age of 7 to 12, in accordance with Erik H. Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development, are largely dependent on the teacher. Not only the successes in subsequent life stages but also the motivation to learn, creativity, flexibility of thinking and acting, persistence, and the emotions accompanying pupils while learning are dependent on a sense of competence. The care and attention of teachers given to ensure that every pupil can develop their competences and sense of agency according to their potential is in the interests of pupils, teachers, and society alike.

In the article, I search for the connection between emotions culture and education by examining the affective reproduction of culture. Building on the tradition of Émile Durkheim, in the works by Arlie Russell Hochschild and Steven Gordon the concept of emotional culture is (re)constructed. Emotional culture is understood as the specific complex of emotion vocabularies, feeling rules, and beliefs about emotions. Emotions and their meaning provide a socio-psychological mechanism that controls/develops individuals and groups. In the text, it is argued that the concept of emotional culture adds a distinctive conceptual tool for studying different educational contexts and environments. To examine this argument, the article is divided into three parts. First, an overview of the concepts and theories that underlie the term of emotional culture is given. In the second part, the concept is analyzed in the light of modern cultural studies. The article closes by pointing out pedagogical implications, especially those connected with emotional education.

Heteronormativity refers to a rigorous social gender order in which the only assumed and accepted gender division is between male and female. Non-heteronormativity implies a loosening of the social gender dichotomy. Both the concepts of heteronormativity and non-heteronormativity in relation to children are rarely used, probably because of prevailing notions of an essentially asexual and unproblematically heteronormative, ‘natural’ process of gender identity acquisition in childhood. In this paper, I address the issue of gender and sexuality in childhood in academic discourses and analyse the construction of non-heteronormativity in selected children’s books. Impulses for the research are provided by critical readings of classical psychological and sociological developmental theories, as well as theories and research on the construction of gender identities in children rooted in the paradigm of social constructivism. The presentation of books created with children in mind, in which the authors point to a way of “taming” non-heteronormativity in the children’s world, may strengthen inclusive tendencies in educational activities and change the existing social gender order.

Assuming the statement, according to which video games (or the entire culture related to them) can serve as a valuable teaching material, is true, it is reasonable and justified to question the still-existing opposition and dispute that digital games must face in school environments. This fact is all the more astonishing as it is the representatives of educational environment that are currently providing particularly didactically inspiring evidence, and thus also strong arguments for this claim. At the same time, the fact that computer games have always dealt with the cultural industry, or at least as much as with culture, means that the “distrustfulness” towards digital games present in the educational space does not only have to be an expression of prejudices and moral panic. Acting from the position of a philosopher involved in the educational potential of computer games, in this text I take up to formulate a possible answer/possible answers explaining the reasons for this conjuncture. Relying on the hermeneutic method, I also suggest possible ways of reading a computer game, pointing to its didactic importance. This text is therefore directed primarily to teachers and educators interested in searching for innovative and practical educational strategies.

A positive perspective in social sciences is one of the key directions in contemporary youth studies and an important point of reflection on education. In recent decades, the Positive Youth Development concept (PYD) has been a particularly clear and significant perspective for studying adolescence on a global scale. This perspective is crucial for many theoretical assumptions and educational projects. The aim of this article is to analyse the concepts and theories (directly and indirectly) related to this concept in youth studies. In this paper, significant changes in the reflection on adolescence have been analysed, which turned the vision of a developmental stage full of tensions and conflicts into a period of great opportunities for the personal development and also gave new meaning to youth’s good life. The PYD key concepts and theories plus practical education have been presented. Additionally, critical remarks on positive concepts in youth studies have been analysed.

This study is an attempt to look at university education as an important developmental task and an element of young adults’ life project. Both the expert literature and the results of empirical research make it possible to treat higher education as an important element of entering adulthood and undertaking mature social and professional roles. Fulfilling those roles enables the young to collect life experience and to crystallize their mature life project. That project comprises many tasks the fulfilment of which allows young people to become adults and to build a mature identity. Becoming an adult occurs very individually, with the use of one’s own experience, resources, and competences. Therefore, the final developmental task can be viewed as the pursuit of adulthood and as undertaking mature obligations. In the case of young adults studying at university, that task involves the fulfilment of many social and (pro-)professional roles. Moreover, university students are provided with the possibility of verifying their current choices and investments in their own future before undertaking permanent obligations. In this context, it seems worth to raise questions of how students perceive this psychological period, how they find their place and what importance education has in their life project.

The subject of the article covers issues related to the presence of neoliberal educational messages in school practice. The study contains an analysis of the teacher’s narrative, the purpose of which was to identify and describe elements that fit into neoliberal assumptions of education. The reconstruction of everyday school life (micro level) enabled the manifestations of instrumentalisation of education, rivalry and competitive aspects in the teacher’s work and the practice of forming homo oeconomicus at school. Commodification of an individual in free market conditions is reflected in a profit-maximizing school, i.e., achieving high results in external examinations owing to an educational process organized effectively, and minimizing costs by, for example, selecting students and by eliminating the “maladjusted” from schools. In the text, I outline a portrait of a teacher functioning professionally, who builds his profession on the foundation of neoliberal assumptions about education. I analyze the teacher’s understanding of school education, which is present in the teacher’s narratives, as a space for a specific market game and competition, defining the effectiveness of school work by high level of students’ examination results and the original concept of working with a supervised class reduced to the implementation of a business project.

The COVID-19 pandemic is recognized as one of the most dramatic global health, social, and economic crises of the last decades, and maybe the whole century. Therefore, it is obvious that there is a need to examine the constructs of new thinking, new ways of life, and new behavior, which will help people not only to overcome the pandemic but also to build a future after it. The words isolation, quarantine, social distancing, lockdown, masks, antibodies, and zoom meeting quickly became the keywords of the COVID-19 pandemic. In this article, which is based on an analysis of the scientific literature and interviews, we ask whether new behavioral patterns such as social distancing, mask-wearing, online communication, and others might become the “new normal”. However, what might be perceived as the “new normal” to some, may seem like social absurdity to others. Thus, with an open-minded approach, we analyze the “new normal” as a complex, controversial, and evolving concept.

This paper presents the results of a study that explored the experiences of adult educators during the COVID-19 pandemic. This online survey was conducted in June 2020 and included directors and teachers in adult education from various institutions in Slovenia. Tutors at Slovenian Third-Age Universities and other associations that provided adult education were also included. The aim of our study was to examine how distance education was implemented during the pandemic, using the concept of ‘emergency remote teaching’ (Hodges, 2020). The study sample included 30 directors of adult education institutions and 124 teachers or tutors. The results showed that organisations providing adult education responded during the lockdown by providing adults with the opportunity to continue their education through distance learning. However, this was not the case for all of adult education programmes. Mostly language courses and formal education were offered. The results show that most adult educators quickly adapted to the new working conditions, but that teaching approaches were rather static and asynchronous teaching solutions. An analysis of the problems teachers faced and the support they needed has shown that action is needed to remove the obstacles to the future provision of adult education as much as possible.

The COVID-19 pandemic forced the university education system in Albania to operate in distance through information and communication technologies. The purpose of this study is to explore students’ perceptions about accessibility, learner intentions, social and lecturer issues in online learning. In order to achieve the aim of the study, the quantitative method is used. The data are collected online through the completion of a survey which contains closed questions. The sample included in this study are students of bachelor and master degree (N = 236) who belong to the teaching programs from the University of Tirana and “Aleksander Moisiu” University of Durrës. The study points out some challenges faced by students during online learning which are related to online accessibility, lack of motivation of students and the barrier of their involvement in online group work activities. It was also noted that the online environment presents challenges for lecturers, which require a better mastery of digital competence by the academic staff. The findings of this study are designed to help policymakers, education executives and academic staff to have a clearer view and make the necessary interventions to overcome these challenges faced by students during online learning.

The aim of the paper is to present the specificity of work of young volunteers in the service of children in the pandemic (types of activities they undertake, problems and benefits they and their pupils experience). The first part of the text presents theoretical assumptions of social and educational support for children. Volunteering in the pandemic in Poland in the third sector has been covered based on the latest research results and the activities of the Dialog Foundation in Białystok. The second part of the text shows methodological assumptions of qualitative research, which was conducted using the method of individual cases in March 2021 among volunteers of the Dialog Foundation. Chosen research results concerning the social and educational support provided to children during the pandemic by young volunteers have been showed. In the light of the results of my research, social and educational support provided to Foundation’s pupils by volunteers is of great importance in their daily functioning during the pandemic, prevents school failures and reduces the feeling of loneliness. The results of the research may hopefully contribute to the development of educational research in regard to the functioning of volunteering in aid of children with educational and social deficits.

This text contributes to the debate on the change in the way of teaching mathematics as it responds to the shifts caused by the transition to distance learning during the pandemic. The author analyses the conclusions of contemporary publications and international research alongside teaching experiences related to various aspects of the functioning of mathematics teachers, the efficacy and quality of their work as well as the issue of their education and improvement. In the course of literature research, probing questions on the pandemic-era school failures occurring in mathematics have clearly highlighted inequalities in the education system. The author analyses the application of ICT in distance learning, which has significantly stimulated processes and phenomena linked to the functioning of an individual in schooling. The time of the pandemic has exposed the shortcomings of the Polish education system and necessitated reflection on the future of Polish schooling. When the magnitude of failures in mathematics does not decrease but remains constant, it is imperative that the reason why it is the leading subject of school failures is determined. Therefore, it is important to establish the new role of the mathematics teacher in the process of changes prompted by distance learning.

Research Paradigm Considerations for Emerging Scholars (2021), edited by Anja Pabel, Josephine Pryce, and Allison Anderson, published by Channel View Publication (DOI: 10.21832/9781845418281), is notable among methodological publications for its scientific openness and permission to experimentation in the research process. The book’s target audience is postgraduate HDRs, emerging scholars and higher-degree supervisors, lecturers in methodology seeking to enhance their reflexivity. According to the authors, it is the reflexive approach that differentiates this book from other methodological books, especially those intended for researchers who are in the process of development regardless of their academic status. Among Polish methodological books there is no publication which as clearly as the book Research Paradigm Considerations… encourages the development of cognitive research curiosity by applying and developing already known paradigms but also by modifying them depending on the socio-cultural context of the research. I recommend this book to anyone who is looking for practical applications of paradigms, but the subject of their research cannot be clearly categorized.

The author addresses cognitively important issues concerning values and activities conducive to their development in the family, which is the basic factor in shaping the personality of a child. We are living in the times of globalization, when the importance of family and values passed on by it are being underestimated in various ways. Globalization has caused an enormous confusion of values. The old, traditional values are often outdated, while the new, incomprehensible ones, interfere with the process of upbringing. Additionally, relativism dominating the society has become the basis for blurring the boundaries between what is moral and what is immoral. The aim of this article is to draw attention to the special role of values in the process of upbringing and to stimulate actions supporting the family through education and prevention. The above considerations lead to the conclusion that the family is an important value in the life of a child. It constitutes their most important environment for development and upbringing. Nevertheless, it requires help and support from the state. But above all, we cannot just be passive witnesses of our children’s development these days.

The article presents an analysis of the transformations in private space and spatial practices manifested by students in connection with long-term online university education during the COVID-19 pandemic. The text includes a presentation of the results of a series of four focus group interviews carried out in 2021 via Zoom platform with students drawn from a few Polish colleges. The research sample was diversified in terms of gender, field of study, type of college, and mode of study. The research suggests key dimensions shaping the experience of remote university study: the spatial dimension, technological dimension and the organisational-educational dimension. Four basic kinds of student experiences are presented as well. The analyses also include a description of spatial practices such as: changing or adapting space for remote university education, negotiating spatial boundaries and attempts to ameliorate conflicts resulting from the interaction of diverse social roles and institutional orders in the same domestic space.

According to official statistics, older people are particularly vulnerable to severe illness. Especially those who suffer from frail health are more likely to have deadly coronavirus infection than other age groups. For sure, age and preexisting medical conditions are significant indicators of vulnerability risk to severe infection, but old age interact with many other factors that may render the elderly at risk. The important implication is that the options available to older people are contingent upon inequalities. Some of them will eventually face common difficulties later in life, while others will face the same problems but do it alone with few resources. In other words, aging itself is a stratified process. Disease impacts are not random, nor are the burdens of disease carried equally by all members of affected populations. The consequences of the disease most often heavily affect those who are in a socially vulnerable position.

The self-creation of modern youth in the world of permanent change is closely related to the existing socio-cultural conditions and the psychosocial condition resulting from the experienced developmental stage. The changeability and relativity of the reality in which young people exist affects the process of searching for their “I”, which becomes more and more undefined, requiring constant updating, and changing. Therefore, it becomes necessary to undertake analyses of identity formation as the main developmental task of the youth period, with particular emphasis on the current socio-cultural reality, which is not insignificant for this process. The article presents the results of scientific research on the subjective aspect of the sense of identity of contemporary high school youth (out of the general population the author selected a population of 439 students of secondary schools, aged 15-19, located in the territory of the Wielkopolskie [Greater Poland] Voivodeship in Poland, random selection) measured by the TST (Twenty Statements Test). The presented results of research on the subjective aspect of the sense of identity of secondary school youth reveal an image of this age group as one that is still searching for its own identity core, and undergoing the process of implementation of developmental tasks belonging to the stage of adolescence. The analyses of the research results show the specificity of the process of shaping identity by young people in modern conditions. This issue is the main goal of the research presented in the article.

The article discusses institutions providing support and aid to people with disabilities and their families. The theoretical determinants of the aid process were discussed in the context of the possible forecasting of strategies for these interactions within the functioning of public, non-governmental and private institutions (without budgetary subsidies). The important area highlighted in the paper was not only disability and the family’s needs but also the nature of a possible support which should depend on a forecast of actions resulting out of the nature and grade of person’s disability. In turn, the scope of proposed solutions should comprise of a package of offers dependent on the grade and nature of person’s disability and should lead to their life and economic independence. However, this requires a tripartite social dialogue, good will, and understanding of each person requiring a long-term support and aid. This article ends with a short conclusion highlighting the need for immediate actions for starting a social dialogue in order to establish a tri-sectoral aid, and within its scope, a reasonable forecast of the needs of the child with disabilities.

The aim of the article is to show the stages of the development of pre-school education in Poland in the 20th century, which set the directions for further changes in the pre-school area. The article was prepared on the basis of available historical sources in the form of specialist press, guides, and methodological manuals, as well as analysis of the literature on the subject. The work identifies and distinguishes innovative views and methods in the field of former pre-school education, which may constitute a form of contemporary pedagogical inspiration. The aim of this article consciously combines two important aspects, i.e., acquiring historical knowledge and its modern applications. The text discusses the history of pre-school education in Poland in the 20th century and shows its reminiscences in contemporary social and educational space. The text is an attempt to show the importance of pre-school education in the modern system, and drawing the reader’s attention to the achievements of Polish preschool education in the context of changes and needs of society in the area of care for pre-school children. The article is not an exhaustive study, but rather a contribution to considerations in this area.

The main goal of the text is to collect conclusions from the experiences of educators and researchers with regard to various aspects of distance learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusions were collected on the basis of the author’s own experience and the selected source literature. The article consists of two parts: “Conclusions from Polish literature” and “Conclusions from foreign literature”. As the article presents mainly the Polish perspective, the first part is significantly longer than the second one. Part One deals with such issues as: the model of distance learning, the time of pandemic as a crisis situation, priorities in distance education in conditions of isolation, the issue of isolation, and some principles of assessment, among others. The university e-learning platform was also discussed as an example. Part Two addresses such issues as: seven lessons from the pandemic, effectiveness of online testing, psychological aspects regarding a student and a teacher, and augmented reality in distance education during COVID-19.

Coronavirus epidemic (COVID-19) poses a significant challenge for the society. One of such social groups are academic teachers. The aim of this study is to become acquainted with the perceived difficulties of Polish academic teachers connected with the COVID-19 pandemic and to assess the importance of resilience in perceiving these difficulties. One hundred and one (n = 101) Polish academic teachers completed the Scale of Perceived Difficulties Associated with the COVID-19 Pandemic SOTCov19 (NA) and the Resilience Assessment Scale SPP-25. The descriptive statistics, correlation analysis (Pearson’s correlations coefficient), and progressive stepwise regression analysis were used. The study shows that Polish academic teachers experience the greatest difficulties in three areas: recreational and cultural aspect, health and care aspects, and remote working - online lessons. A significant correlation between included variables was obtained. It is also well worth mentioning that the two subscales of resilience - tolerance for failure and treating life as a challenge, and personal competence to deal with and tolerance of negative emotions - entail a predictive function in explaining the perceived difficulties, however the percentage of variance is low, unlike expected.

The article presents the results of research carried out during the first wave of restrictions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The research covered students of high schools - 275 students of schools from Białystok and Bielsk Podlaski, ages 16-19. The goal of the study was to investigate the relationship of the grit factor with the functioning of young people in a specific situation - remote learning, combined with additional, burdensome limitations in the public space. The sphere of learning and physical activity were the main areas of functioning that were researched in the study. The study used an original, author’s questionnaire to measure the functioning of young people during the COVID-19 pandemic. Besides this scale, also used were the Duckworth Short Grit Scale (SGS) (Polish adaptation by Wyszyńska et al., 2017) and the Cantril mental well-being scale (Cantril, 1965). The study displayed positive relationships between grit and the amount of time devoted to learning in remote mode, with regularity in maintaining the rhythm of the day (getting up at a similar time, taking up physical activity) and mental well-being.

The specificity of the Warmia and Mazury region, a unique cultural mosaic paired with social problems, provided a space for building social engagement in the environment by involving the local community in socio-cultural activities. These actions resulted in changes to the living environment of individuals and social groups through their participation and engagement. The aim of the article is to present the results of research showing the views of animators regarding the impact of implemented social and cultural projects on stimulating social forces in small towns and villages of Warmia and Mazury. The research findings presented in the following section show the important aspects of this activity, starting from the sources/motives of creating projects and incorporating environmental resources into them, through cooperation with the local community and creating environmental leaders, to assessing the changes taking place as a result of the implemented projects. The presented research results allow for the conclusion that animators, through their project activities, contributed to permanent, positive changes in the local environment, awakening social forces (open and hidden), and to an increase in socio-cultural activity, both during and after the project activities.

This article presents selected factors conditioning the sense of coherence among university students. Results were obtained after analysis of statistical data collected in a group of 467 students. Antonovsky’s Sense of Coherence Questionnaire (SOC-29) was used in the research. The results obtained showed a predominance of a moderate level of the sense of coherence in the group of studied students. The study confirmed the existence of a dependency between the sense of coherence and the sex, year of study, and civil status of the studied persons. The other two variables, i.e., course of studies and declared level of religiosity, only showed certain tendencies. The results presented in this paper confirmed the need to shape coherence through education and socialization as a socially significant personal predisposition. The sense of coherence facilitates both self-reflection and self-development in the individual. Conclusions formulated on the basis of the obtained results point to the necessity of taking up a contemporary pedagogical challenge, which is health education. An additional recommendation is to enrich educational programs with activities the goal of which is to create a high sense of coherence in their recipients, which, by definition, should have pro-health consequences for a wide group of beneficiaries.

The authors present results of their studies dealing with symbols of fear identified in drawings made by Polish and Turkish children. The studies consisted in comparing results with regard to the categories and content of symbols recognized in the drawings presented by younger school-age children of the two nationalities. For the needs of the comparative analysis the following questions were formulated: In what way did the children present their fears in their drawings? How can the similarities in the symbols of fear presented in the drawings by Polish and Turkish children be interpreted? What do the observed differences testify to? Comparison of the symbols of fear allowed recognizing the similarities and differences occurring in the drawings produced by the examined children. It was found that the largest number of drawings present a symbol of fear connected with the category of animals. While interpreting the results, the authors accepted the thesis that the grasped similarities relating to the manner of presenting fear result from the common history of man, recorded in archetypes and symbols. On the other hand, the observed differences are connected with the tradition present in each of the cultures.

The presented material is empirical. It was based on the comparative analysis of data obtained with the use of the Marital Success Scale and the Parental Attitudes Scale, both developed by M. Braun-Gałkowska. The aim of the work was to carry out pedagogical analysis of the functioning of mothers raising children with special needs. The research was carried out in a population of 48 families: 20 families raising children with special needs due to diagnosed Down syndrome, Asperger syndrome, autism and infantile cerebral palsy, and 28 families raising healthy children, with no significant mental and physical health disorders. The obtained results were used to determine differences between the studied mothers. Mothers experiencing difficult parenting based on the results of the Marital Success Scale displayed a lower level of satisfaction with their marriage. Analysis of Parental Attitudes Scale scores on parenting attitudes revealed that mothers experiencing difficult parenting attributed inadequacy to themselves, while their husbands were attributed moderation in demands on their own children. In the case of marital attitudes, no statistically significant differences were found.

The text is a review of a collective work devoted, as the title indicates, to the extermination and suffering of Polish children during World War II. The content of the chapters focuses on the fate of Polish children in the General Government and East Prussia of the Third Reich as well as in the territory of Germany after 1945. The individual chapters contain documented crimes against Polish children not only in concentration camps but also in places of residence (Łódź, Zamojszczyzna, CONFIDENTIAL: FOR PEER REVIEW ONLY Białystok, and others). The book includes 12 chapters presenting the effects of the policy of the occupant towards the youngest generation in the period indicated by the caesura, and 2 chapters devoted to the fate of Polish children, who the end of the war found in Germany. The publication of this monograph in English enables the dissemination of knowledge about the fate of Polish children during World War II among a wide range of English-speaking readers. It also fosters reflection on the long-term consequences of wars and the paradox of the 20th century as the “Centenary of the Child” that was announced by Ellen Key