Article addresses the problem of child’s and the educational system’s readiness to start school by children six years old. It is a proposition of different approach to this problem and recognizing school readiness in a double perspective, as ‘the readiness (of the child) to school’ and ‘readiness of the school (for a child)’. It gives an opportunity to take into account a broad range of factors involved in the process leading to effective support of the child in the education system and support of the education system. The text is also a proposal to change the way of leading public debate on education and reducing of school age. It introduces the concept of ‘discourse of quality’ and ‘iscourse of meaning making’ as an alternative which allows consideration of different points of view and striving for mutual understanding. It also introduces a proposal to adopt a theoretical framework for analyzing the readiness of state, society, institutions, families, and the childe for mutual interactions. The aim of these interactions is to increase the effectiveness in realizing both, personal and social goals. The purpose of this article is an attempt to leave the vicious circle of ‘discourse of quality’, which in current, Polish reality, underlies growing social divisions and conflicts between ‘followers’ of different approaches to childhood, upbringing and education. It is a proposal to adopt such perspective to analysis of the problem, which can be a basis for planning practical solutions in the sphere of public debate and planning activities within the ‘child - institution’ system.

The article presents problem of social difference and the related mechanisms of exclusion. The paper shows the process how the difference needed in the world is born inequality, discrimination, human suffering, often as unwanted and unintended consequences of group processes. The factor differentiating way to experience the social difference and forms of engagement in reality, is the human identity. The text presents the arguments in favor of the thesis that the difference does not necessarily lead to inequality, and a key role in this process is the identity of the man, with his basic need of recognition. Educational activities are considered an important factor in institutional support in this process. Also shows the process of individualization (the problem of individualism) in the social world as an essential factor in the offending unfavorable balance between an inclusion and social exclusion.

The article deals with one of the types of the Polish contemporary theatre - the theatre of artistic experiments which, in spite of its niche character, has a fundamental importance for the Polish culture and is one of its major foreign ambassadors. The author has attempted to give an overview of this kind of theatre by classifying different sorts of experimental practices undertaken by Polish theatre artists in their work, including examples from recent productions of the most renowned of them. The diversity of the theatre life in our country coupled with its permanent development as well as the limited size of this article, the methodology adopted and the inevitable subjectivity with regard to the analyzed phenomenon have led to this classification being not entirely complete and absolutely scientifically objective. Instead, it shall be treated merely as a starting point for a comprehensive research in this subject matter.

Constructivism is one of the most popular and fastest growing paradigm in recent pedagogy. The fundamental assumption of constructivism is the thesis that knowledge is always and with necessity human construction. All knowledge about the world around us is the result of our experience. Of course, there are many forms of constructivism, although the Polish educational literature generally mentions two faces of constructivism: the personal (inspired by Piaget’s psychology) and the social (based on the psychology of Vygotski). It appears that radical constructivism has not been given proper discussion in Polish pedagogy. This theory, what is important, is the most famous and important kind of constructivism because of its epistemological and educational assumptions and consequences. Therefore in this article I want to achieve two goals: 1) to present the principal assumptions and the thesis of radical constructivism as articulated by Ernst von Glasersfeld; 2) to discuss selected controversies that this model of knowledge and learning has brought about.

The paper is an analysis of The Childhood of Jesus by J.M. Coetzee as seen from the perspective of cultural studies. Treated as a document of culture, it depicts recent changes in Western civilization, particularly in such spheres as religion as and philosophy (specifically axiology and epistemology). The pseudoapocryphal character of Coetzee’s novel provokes one to giving consideration to the attitude western culture has towards its own roots and towards the role the source myths and religious symbols play in it, that is to the shape of the cultural identity of contemporary West. The picture which emerges from the analysis is a culture threatened with ‘amnesia’. It is, however, a erverse picture since it has been painted with the use of the symbol which is “present in absence”.

The development of quantum physics and formulation of complementarity and uncertainty principles gave rise to numerous interpretational problems. For the first time microworld laws were formulated in probabilistic rather than deterministic language. In the philosophy of nature there was a need for revision of views on realism, determinism, reductionism and the role of the observer in the conduct of research. However the question whether the perceived boundaries of knowledge are the result of the nature essence or of actual cognitive abilities remains open. In the social sciences, after years of dispute about the research methodology, the need for a complementary use of quantitative and qualitative approaches has been accepted. Qualitative researchers, however, continue to criticize legitimacy of quantitative research. At the same time the assumptions of qualitative approach build on neo-positivist interpretation already outdated in the light of naturalists new discoveries. The article aims to demonstrate that the changes that have taken place in the theory of knowledge as a result of naturalists discoveries lead to convergence between the two research approaches. Taking into account these changes will end the polemic with assumptions already outdated in the natural sciences.

The paper presents the theoretical hypotheses and research results conducted with the use of Transition from Education to Work Scale. Basing on the analysis of particular theories regarding the transition from education to work as well as selfdevelopment theory it has been noted that assumption of employment by graduates does not solely depend on labor market condition and their academic achievements but also on the level of identity development and appropriate assessment of one’s own skills and abilities. From the assumed perspective the transition from education to work is a long lasting and complex developmental task where accurate and thorough self assessment skills and readiness to achieve compromises between expectations and possibilities related to career development are of crucial importance.

The article discusses the adequacy of using the ERIH lists (the European Reference Index for the Humanities) as a tool for categorizing the scientific units in Poland in 2013. Our study examines the international range of journals in which Polish humanists published their texts in 20092012. We examine the published articles through the category of an evaluated item (the indicator used in the Polish categorization of scientific units). The analyzed journals (N = 4274) were indexed on the C part of the Polish „List of Evaluated Journals” which is based on the ERIH lists. We divide journals into two categories: (1) journals (N = 620) with at least 1 publication taken into account in the categorization (128 Polish journals and 492 published outside of Poland), (2) journals (N = 3654) in which there were no publications from the Polish scientific units and no evaluated items. We found 7724 evaluated items which were attributed to the ERIH lists: 75.18% of these items were connected with articles published in the Polish journals which have a national range; 24.12% of these came from 10 Polish journals. Our findings show that the ERIH lists are not appropriate for assessing the internationalization of publications in the categorization of scientific units.

Attitude to Marriage as a Relationship Formalization Questionnaire was designed to study the dynamically changing forms of modern family. Article presents the most important demographical and social trends concerning marriage in Poland, which justify the need to create standardized tool for studies on attitude of young people towards marriage. Final version of the questionnaire consists of 42 statements, which comprise three scales of attitude toward marriage as: sense of happiness and belonging; relationship formalization and sense of safety; a result of actions resulting from internalized social and religious norms. Questionnaire has high psychometric values and can be used in studies of people aged 16-30. It can be applied in psychological, demographical, sociological or economic research.

Controversial religious groups are a phenomenon accompanying the man for a long time. Fascinate, captivate, reflect, inspire. Despite the existence of several works on the unique issues and research related to it constantly raises questions and concerns that are difficult to dispel, for which there is no clear and simple answers. This publication is the result of the author’s thoughts, her personal perspective on this interesting part of social reality. Attention was focused on a few issues which seem to be leading. Firstly, on the possibility of mutual replacing dates sect - controversial religious group. Secondly, on classifying phenomena which are taking place on rich, religious stage. Thirdly, on effects of the stay in groups stirring up controversy, including the use of their unethical practices - the brainwashing and the mind control. The last, fourth dilemma is correlating with the accessibility to forms of this type, rather hermetic of the community and the attitude presented towards them by the researcher which ultimately affect the test result. The article doesn’t exhaust the issues and indeed it can be treated, for the invitation to dialogue, exchanges of the opinions, effects that are essential to the development of science.

The article focuses on the analysis of the functioning of the category of the dimension of memory and psychological perception of time by a person suffering from dementia of the Alzheimer type. Our observations were related to the theoretical understanding of psychology researchers memory, psychological perception of time and neuropsychologists. Moving away from a clinical study for the analysis of expression resulting in interaction with investigating, while the participant conversation here is aware of the procedure. This research methodology allows us to grasp the dynamics of changes in the behavior of the test and explore the essence of co-occurring in this type of dementia, cognitive and language. In the first part of the approximate sketch is necessary to understand the practical part, the terminology concerning the psychology of memory, temporal horizon of human rights and basic definitions and assumptions Medical on Alzheimer’s. As part of the empirical analysis of the material shows that due to the disintegration of autobiographical memory adult has difficulty organizing his own experiences and events. As a result, systematically loses the ability to plan for the future, both the distant, perspective, and the next.

Background: The issue of grandparents’ support provided to their families is undertaken in Polish literature very seldom. There are no studies concerning single mother families. The purpose of the article is to examine the extent to which grandparents provide support to grandchildren brought up in single mother families, and determine the relationship between the grandparents’ support and the grandchildren’s quality of life. Materials and Methods: The survey data were collected from 119 people from single mother families. The Student’s Life Satisfaction Scale SLSS was used to test the quality of life and the Social Support Scale (SWS) was used to test the strength and type of support from grandparents. Results: Mother’s parents are involved in each of the considered types of support in a higher degree than father’s parents, regardless of the place of residence of the single mother family. In small towns maternal grandparents provide information support more often than paternal grandparents, maternal grandmothers engage in instrumental aid to grandchildren more often than paternal grandparents. In cases of families living in large cities, when the paternal grandfather gives instrumental, emotional or evaluative support, grandchildren assess their quality of life significantly better. The assessment of quality of life is also higher in cases of maternal grandfather’s emotional engagement in support for grandchildren. Conclusions: The results suggest that the grandfathers’ (particularly paternal grandfather’s) support in the single mother family is positively connected with quality of life of grandchildren. It can be assumed that supporting grandparents contribute to strengthening the resilience of whole family.

Theoretical deliberation on the process of transformation of family system and how its functioning as well as data obtained in course of empirical research specify conditions of development of youth brought up in single-parent families. Picture of situation of educational development functioning of single-parent families gives theoretical knowledge on deficite of these educational environments. The most common hazards are within psychosocial factors. On the basis of obtained data and scientific theories conclusions were drawn for educational practice and requirement of work with families at the school counselor level were finally expressed. Within the framework of activities addressed to families of changed structure both work with children growing up in described environments must be included and work with single parents. Proposed activities should be of repair and support type.

The aim of this article is an analysis of ways of presenting polish education’s problems in opinionforming weeklies. First assumption of this article is: way of writing about education impacts on what readers of these opinionforming weeklies think about education (about rules of working of education, role of education in human life). The author of this article analysis 115 texts about school and education published between 2009 – 2010 in opinionforming polish weeklies (‘Polityka’, ‘Newsweek’, ‘Wprost’, ‘Gość Niedzielny’, ‘Przegląd’). This analysis based on theory of T.A. van Dijk who was confident of relation between language, thinking and action. He affirms that a language (as a form of social action) forms a nonlinguistic reality, but discourse analysis is a method which let us meet social reality. Results of this analysis let us affirm that opinionforming pressemphasizes economic aspects of education (it is connected both with kindergarten and with primary school, secondary school and other stages of education). Kindergarten, primary schools, secondary schools and others are presented in press like companies which sale their services. This perspective of looking has many consequences. When we want to rate quality of these institutions, we should use economical mechanismes.