TABLE OF CONTENTS

SPIS TREŚCI

Publikacja “Kultura i Edukacja” w języku angielskim, udostępnienie wersji cyfrowej w wolnym dostępie i zabezpieczenie oryginalności publikacji zgodne ze standardem COPE – zadania finansowane w ramach umowy 853/P-DUNdem/2018 ze środków Ministra Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego przeznaczonych na działalność upowszechniającą naukę.

The paper presents thematic analyses relating to migration processes, situated between the Legacy of the Past and Challenges of the Future. The authors focus on a complex migration process referring to key factors that characterise it as well as dominant concepts in host societies: segregation and integration. The theoretical considerations undertaken in the text are primarily oriented towards presenting the diverse situation of Migrant Children and Youth “On the Move” as a category of the young generation affected by migration processes. The text is an attempt to reflect on the functioning of migrant backgrounds in the context of children’s and adolescents’ integration with the new place of residence. Particular attention was drawn to fragile areas generating distance, social exclusion and consequently hindering the process of integration.

Focusing on identity formation amongst child migrants, this paper reflects on the experiences of unaccompanied minors sent from Britain to Australia in the 20th Century. Between 1947-1967 3170 children are understood to have been exported to Australia, making Britain the only country in the world known to have exported children during peace time. Most of these children came from British care homes to which they had been entrusted by their families or social workers. The majority of exported children were from working class backgrounds and many still had living parents, or other close family, in the UK. Children as young as four were sent to train as farm labourers and domestic staff, simultaneously relieving the burden of providing for these children from the British Government, and increasing the white population in ‘underpopulated’ Australia. The paper presents thematic analysis of four published sources produced for a wide readership: two published memoirs and two young adult novels. The paper seeks to reflect on the impact of forced transnational migration on the children’s identity formation as new Australians.

In the light of recent world facts, there has been growing attention paid to refugee minors who, fleeing from violence, war, poverty and climate change, or seeking better opportunities, hope to reach safety in Europe. Challenging life experiences such as war, violence, forced displacement, etc., can potentially threaten children’s development. However, many succeed in turning their lives around and develop well despite such negative circumstances. Refugee children, often overlooked by immigration laws and policy makers, prove to be a particularly resilient group, very resourceful in mechanisms for overcoming life adversities. By taking this understanding of refugee minors as a starting point, this article provides an overview of research in the field of resilience, aiming to discuss the implications that tie refugee minors’ well-being to the human and children’s rights obligations that society bears towards them. The article concludes that there is an urgent need for interventions and programs which target factors that promote refugee children’s resilience in their design and implementation, informed by current knowledge of refugee children’s life and cultural background, and their self-ratings of negative and positive life events. The standards defined by human and children’s rights instruments and equity regarding children’s rights to achieve a good life should be a matter to be taken seriously for all children worldwide.

Transgression is often seen as a negative term; to cross social or ethical boundaries. In this paper, it is defined as ‘blurring of the symbolic boundaries between grandparents and younger generations in terms of the WWII experience’, which leads to living memory of the war, but also to experiencing and re-living the trauma of war and dislocation. It occurs through the immersion of younger generations in family history narratives, memorabilia, diaries and photographs that become a family treasure, owned jointly by the family members. In this paper, intergenerational transgression is analysed as a softand symbolic phenomenon, which on one hand preserves the memory of past, but on the other, cascades the negative experiences onto children and grandchildren. If this is true for WWII survivors, then it should be considered in other cases of long-term conflict and dislocation, particularly in recent conflicts such as Syria, Iraq, and Afghanistan. Understanding the connection between intergenerational transgression of war trauma may aid the process of healing.

The immigration of refugees since 2014, especially from North African Countries has the last year an increasing critical political discussion in the population, also in Germany, the goal of many migrants. While on the background of political signals at the beginning of the movement refugees were welcome by the majority of the population, meanwhile criticism is more and more expressed in the media and political discussion. In many European Countries right wing parties were established, also in Germany (Alternative für Deutschland-AfD). The last vote for the European Parliament shows for Germany an increasing acceptance of this party, especially in Eastern Germany, the former German Democratic Republic. Very often the public is not very well informed by the media. On one side there are reports of an increasing crime rate, without differenciating the background of, on the other side the German industry needs the immigrants, there are many open positions for workers. The chapter gives a short overview about the discussion about the topic in Germany.

Mental health is defined as a state of well-being in which every individual realizes his/her own potential, can cope with the normal stress of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his/her community (World Health Organization, 2004). War and disasters have the greatest impact on mental health and psychosocial well-being. A considerable number of child refugees enter Europe to seek refuge from ongoing conflict and war in their home countries. Refugee children are at greater risk of psychological distress than non-refugee children and they may develop symptoms such as depression, PTSD, anxiety, physical problems or become aggressive. Trauma can impact the children’s physical well-being, cognitive development and psychological/emotional well-being and behavior. Therefore, these children are identified as having unique; however, urgent mental health needs requiring timely interventions. According to these findings, in this article the author is trying to explain the mental health problems and interventions among two refugee children (brother and sister) who stayed in the Transit Centre “Vinojug” in Gevgelija, Republic of Macedonia, two years ago. They had significant psychological disturbances such as depression and post-traumatic stress disorder, because they lost their home and their father. They have been here only with their pregnant mother. At the beginning they needed individual psychiatric or psychological support, but later also group psycho-social support. Verbal, art and game-based interventions proved effective in reducing the PTSD symptoms and depression. After that, the children showed positive emotions such as gratitude, hope, happiness, and optimism. At the same time they started to attend the local school and the first words in Macedonian language were: “Hello, how are you?” They have already learned the Macedonian language and counted in Macedonian; they knew how to ask for water and learned the basic terms. Hence, when they left the Transit Center with their mother, they were very sad: “Here we have many new friends who help and love us”. Our study provides a strong evidence base regarding the use of verbal and clinical interventions for PTSD and emotional and behavioral difficulties, respectively. Also, the main goal of the psychological workshop is stimulation of the copy strategies, resilience and psychosocial development through structured playful activities such as voice, movement, painting, drawing, song, sound.

Through a qualitative research carried out in South-East Italy with twelve Unaccompanied and Separated Children (UASC) this paper attempts to explore their relation with the Internet and digital media. Findings reveal that digital tools facilitate communication and socialization and allow UASC to maintain relationships with social networks in their countries of origin as well as expand their networks in the country of residence within the migrant community. Digital media enhance access to information and leisure activities. Even if UASC recognize some risks of being online similar to those European adolescents face, it emerges that overall the Internet and digital media contribute to their wellbeing. They have the power to boost resilience vis-à-vis the challenges UASC face in their lives: being alone, in a new country, often institutionalized and without the support of a trustworthy adult figure.

Child migrants are one of the risk factors of the modern education system in Russia. In addition to the potential problems associated with the cultural differences between the indigenous population and migrants, there is also the problem of “closed” migrants. Often migrants and their families, including secondand third-generation migrants, form isolated communities within which the adaptation and socialization of new migrants and the generation of youth takes place. On the one hand, these groups play the role of “softadaptation”, when migrants and their children are offered the tested models of behavior in the new conditions of life. On the other hand, not all the models proposed by the group can be acceptable by the traditions of the indigenous population, and sometimes they are opposed to the culture and traditions of the host country. Moreover, the views accepted in the group can cause morbid socialization of migrants. Under these conditions, the school has a task of preventing the negative impact of the isolated national groups on the younger generation. The purpose of the study is to analyze the account of migrant children in social networks in order to identify signs of socio-psychological and cultural adaptation, to determine the influence of national groups and communities in social networks on the formation of a person’s personality. The paper covers the reactions of children to publications on the topic of interethnic communication. It also includes recommendations to teachers on the definition of exposure to the influence of groups and communities in the social networks of migrant children.

Draconian contemporary border exclusion policies have had a devastating impact on migrants worldwide, eliciting vigorous expressions of public outrage around the world. Yet, despite growing evidence of human rights abuses as a result of these policies, States and policy makers continue to recommend more restrictive frameworks, doubling down on exclusion. Promoting a renewed “return package”, they encourage buffer and transit states to undertake “swiftreturns” of unauthorized entrants, promoting voluntary return as the preferred solution to the unwanted presence of migrants. This article discusses the consequences and implications of these policies for children. In particular, it probes the reality of distress migration for African adolescents trapped in Libya.

In recent years, the problem of methods of education in values of tolerance to difference is subject to increased public attention at the EU level. However, even a sparse reading of the Bulgarian primers and readers shows that the first meeting of children with what is officially “normal” in the social world excludes the “different” people. The main objective of the project “To Educate a Xenophobe” (2015-2016) implemented by the Bulgarian NGO Political Science Center in collaboration with Institute for Creative Civil Strategies was to address the absence of systematic orientation to the initial stage of education as crucial for assimilating a tolerant attitude towards the different people in society. The project aimed to increase public attention and initiate a constructive dialogue with Bulgarian decision makers and stakeholders on the need for conducting reforms in state education requirements and legislation via a package of analyses, surveys and in-depth interviews.

The contemporary study of careers requires taking into consideration multicontextual changes in the world of work, which make individuals face new challenges. The purpose of this article is to draw attention to the numerous transformations taking place in the contemporary reality, including in the world of work, which influence people’s professional career, the significance attributed to it and the success achieved through it. This article presents the results of own research concerning career success as perceived from the perspective of academic students from Poland. Particular attention was paid to two aspects of this issue: its objective and subjective nature, as well as the assessment of own chances for achieving it within one’s career path. The results of the studies prove, that the surveyed youth perceives success in a career in a subjective manner, but that its objective dimension is also important for the academic students, and that the vast majority take a positive attitude towards their own professional future. The resulting empirical material may carry important implications for the educational practice.