TABLE OF CONTENTS

SPIS TREŚCI

Publikacja “Kultura i Edukacja” w języku angielskim, udostępnienie wersji cyfrowej w wolnym dostępie i zabezpieczenie oryginalności publikacji zgodne ze standardem COPE – zadania finansowane w ramach umowy 853/P-DUNdem/2018 ze środków Ministra Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego przeznaczonych na działalność upowszechniającą naukę.

The so-called new media redefine social relations both on a micro and a macro scale. A media user from five or six decades ago is an entirely different subject to a modern user. Within half a century, the roles of particular media, their social functions, and consequently users’ patterns of perception all changed. A 21st-century recipient is, as far as anthropology is concerned, equipped totally differently to one from the 1960s. Nevertheless, one thing remains unchanged in the real and the media worlds alike. Both confront us with the predominance of sight and hearing while taste, smell, and touch are of peripheral interest in spite of the perceptions conveyed through them being all-encompassing. The article focuses primarily on the sense of smell, but also on the closely related taste. Smell is too elusive and indeterminate and cannot be measured to the same extent sound is measured, for instance. Smell therefore has to give way to the more durable and definite senses. Its presence in films is absolutely marginal which is due to, as I perceive it, the technological capabilities in this area, or rather lack thereof. In this text I argue that certain films should be watched with one’s nose and taste buds, are a source of cognitive confusion, since everything important depicted in them is beyond the viewer’s reach. When scrutinising such films, one arrives at a conclusion that cinematic realism (but not only realism) must be multisensory. Otherwise, a case of epistemic schizophrenia occurs. The above reflection is undertaken in the context of two theories of social communication, namely M. McLuhan’s classic proposal and the cognitive theory of film.

The purpose of the reflections in the article is an attempt to find an answer to the question of whether and how films speaking about the topic of multiculturalism could serve intercultural education and communication, upbringing towards tolerance, preventing racism, prejudice, and negative stereotypes. More and more often, modern cinema audience experiences multiculturalism and is encouraged to reflection about mutual acceptance and tolerance of cultural diversity. Presenting in films ethnical and racial minorities is connected with reflection on migratory movements and the issues of multicultural societies. According to the adopted assumption, films on this subject can support the process of communication and intercultural education.

The author of the article draws attention to the growing popularity of ,,new generation series” in Poland. He focuses primarily on the analysis of the series Raven. Whispers are heard after dark, which takes place in Podlasie region. Adamski analyzes this series in terms of how nature is portrayed in it and what role it plays, relative to the main character and the main plot of the narrative. In his analyzes, he starts from the metaphor of the Roman deity - Janus, and also refers to the aesthetics of Nordic Noir, which had a significant impact on the development of the Polish crime series. However, while the message of Scandinavian series has often been associated with social criticism, the narratives, whose places of action are located in the Polish province (a very important role of nature), more often have a metaphysical, ecological or mythological dimension.

The aim of the paper is twofold. It presents an overview of various conceptualisations of teaching portfolio and their historical development. It also describes the process of creating the teaching portfolio at the teacher education programme focused on early language learning and CLIL teaching offered at the University of Warsaw. The paper ends with some final conclusions regarding the process of adaptation of teaching portfolio within the teacher education system in Poland.

According to EU guidelines, modern education should focus on learning skills. It is anticipated that most of the professions that are known today will disappear in a dozen or so years and new ones will replace them. The labor market will require teamwork skills, creative thinking and problem solving. The formal education system cannot keep up with all these changes and requirements. For several years the movement of activities related to adventure education has been expanding in Poland: organizations operating in this trend are established, cooperate with each other, enter into international structures, and the network of forest kindergartens is expanding. The very concept of “adventure education” is known to a small group of educators and animators for now. Assumptions are associated with scouting - although they should not be equated with it. Adventure education is primarily in the field of non-formal education, but following the example of Slovenia or Great Britain, it is also trying to enter schools in Poland. It is successfully used in sociotherapeutic activities, and is increasingly involved in activities by scout organizations and commercial companies. So what is adventure education? Is it worth investing and why? What are its assumptions? What competences and skills does it teach? This article will attempt to answer these questions in relation to own research carried out as part of the adventure programs implemented in the years 2015.

In this article, through the prism of broadly understood education, we attempt to analyze one of the extremely important and needed contemporary issues, which are intercultural competences. We assume that in the process of shaping them, in addition to content selection, methods of education are also very important. The above thesis is supported by the example of the „Kochana nasza klaso” project implemented by Dariusz SzadaBorzyszkowski at the prison in Bialystok. Such activities can constitute an interesting offer addressed to participants of intercultural activities, based on education, involving in educational and socialization elements. They are also extremely effective in social rehabilitation activities.

The most important factor conditioning school achievements is the economic and social status of the student’s family of origin. This has been confirmed many times by Polish and international studies, although the socio-economic status was described by various determinants. According to the theory of cultural capital P. Bordieu, the family is that which equips the child with various language and cultural competences that can be developed in the education process at various levels. However, the learning outcomes (in the form of grades and results of exams) are determined not only by family and environmental elements, but also by the organization of the school itself. An important role is also played by the teacher’s person, his methodological and substantive competences, as well as the ability to recognize the student’s potential and his characteristics conditioning the results achieved.

The following study encompasses the analysis of a range of psychological opinions extracted from marriage invalidation cases, which were proceeded by the Bishop’s Court in the Diocese of Toruń. The article presents theoretical assumptions which are of legal nature and refer to personality disorders in psychological terms in the context of valid matrimonial consent. The theoretical part of the study refers to the institution of the matrimonial consent, which is the causative force of marriage and presents its invalidity in both subjective and objective aspect on the grounds of personality disorders. The analysis conducted in the research part presents various personality disorders contributing to the invalidation of marriage, distinguishing between the etiology of particular disorders and the dysfunctionality areas indicated by the appointed court experts in family and marital life.

The main aim of this research is a diagnosis of attitudes to national culture and traditions. It has been assumed that attitudes depend on a system of values and variation on ’conservatism -openness to change’ dimension. The sample consists of 368 students. The theoretical framework is based on the concept of Schwartz and his Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ) has been used. The diagnosis of attitudes is made with a set of contrasting beliefs about the role of culture and national traditions (Reykowski). The results confirms one of the stated hypothesis: students who support cultural openness towards the West, better appreciate values which constitute ’openness to change’, i.e. ‘self-direction-thought’, ‘self-direction-action’, and ‘stimulation’. The second hypothesis stating that the embrace of one’s cultural heritage is linked with the acceptance of the value ‘conservatism’ is not confirmed. A statistically significant difference is ascertain according to one conservative value type, i.e. ‘humility’ and it is significant only for one attitude.

The subject of the article is the activity of female art groups, especially their development and dynamics, described in a form of distinct stages. The number of such groups is growing together with changes of women’s position in society and allowing of their activity in art. This analysis belongs to research on environmental aspect of creativity. The article bases on qualitative research - free-form interviews - with representatives of four fine-art groups based in Łódź. Artists belong to different generations. The aim of the research was the reconstruction of experiences and meanings that are attributed to activity in such groups. The patterns of development of female art groups were described on the basis of 18 women’s statements representing various fields of fine arts; and, additionally, analysis of existing documents. On this basis the stages of long-standing activity of such groups and the dominance of artists’ activity were distinguished. Certain stages can be distinguished also during single art enterprise, like exhibition.

The article takes up the subject of sailing as a passion that is part of the intergenerational transfer. The presented results of interviews conducted among people taking part in offshore cruises indicate that regardless of whether they took over the passion from their parents, grandparents or relatives, or whether they decided to start their adventure with sailing themselves, sailing is considered to be worth of further promotion, mainly due to its educational values and the opportunity to spend time with loved ones in a pleasant but also developing way. In addition, they declare their support to others, especially to younger family members, regarding sailing education.

Changes occurring in the modern world have a significant impact on the perception of a number of social phenomena that are studied by social pedagogy. One of them is violence in partnerships, which is associated with the stereotype of a man as the main perpetrator of violence. Stereotypes functioning in the consciousness of our community are often inconsistent with reality. Most people, however, have the conviction that they are true and unchangeable. This conviction led to the sole identification of the woman with the victim and the man with the perpetrator of violence. Most people are unaware of the existence of battered husband syndrome. The aim of the article is to analyze the phenomenon of female violence against men in the perception of academic youth. Research analyzes presented in the article focus on the assumption of changing the stereotype of man as the perpetrators of violence.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SPIS TREŚCI

Publikacja “Kultura i Edukacja” w języku angielskim, udostępnienie wersji cyfrowej w wolnym dostępie i zabezpieczenie oryginalności publikacji zgodne ze standardem COPE – zadania finansowane w ramach umowy 853/P-DUNdem/2018 ze środków Ministra Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego przeznaczonych na działalność upowszechniającą naukę.

This paper was inspired by the debate between Hammersley (1999), Atkinson and Delamont (2009) and Denzin and Lincoln (2009 [2008]) on the dynamics of qualitative methods development and by the unsettling reductionism and fragmentation of analyses within qualitative research revealed by Atkinson. Similar critique of superficiality in biographical methods has also been formulated by scholars from the interpretative sociology tradition in Łódź (Czyżewski, 2016; Kaźmierska, 2012; Konecki, 2019; Piotrowski, 2016; Waniek, 2019), whose work is applied in pedagogy. The biographical research I conduct in small local communities reveals shifts in the positioning of research participants, but also alterations in the dynamics of grassroot inquiry initiatives in line with Participatory Inquiry Paradigm as described by Heron and Reason (1997). This article aims to characterize the “new” type of research participants, who organize and are involved in (non-academic) “research/amateur teams” within local communities, becoming collective agents of social action. Does it mean that the new “social/research awareness” (Heron & Reason, 1997) of both local actors and academic scholars who “join forces”, along with easy access to the sources, transnational links, and higher level of education trigger grassroot potential of pro-social behavior and a multi-level, polyphonic (Clifford, 1983), conscious and subconscious participation in the life of local communities?

Qualitative research is always about some form of intervention into the real world, however that intervention is always mediated by various material practices employed in the research process. This article engages with material practices accompanying research to discuss the ways in which they influence the research process, the observed and the observer. More specifically, this article attends to the use of video technology in qualitative research to reflect upon the material practices that not only make the world visible but also shed light on the research process through which such worlds become known. Reflections from research on institutions and institutional life are used to demonstrate points of interaction that transform the worlds of research and the worlds of everyday life.

The article concerns the methodological and theoretical aspects of research carried out in the environment of intellectually disabled people. The issues of intellectual disability pose a challenge for researchers; individuals with an intellectual disability constitute a specific group, the research of which requires an interpretative approach, that is, open and flexible research methods. Therefore, the main stress in the article is on proving the usefulness of the interpretative perspective, along with the advantages of adopting the grounded theory methodology to research this category of people. These approaches make it possible to adjust the research strategy to the characteristics of the explored research area. They allow for in-depth analysis of empirical data and thus create conditions for an accurate depiction of the researched environment. Making reference to research on the environment of intellectually disabled people, the usefulness of grounded theory methodology procedures was assessed in a broader context of research conducted in the interpretative paradigm.

The starting point for this paper is a general interest in the faint presence of methodologically oriented analyses within the history of education. The methodology of history of education is a rare term on the map of scientific categories (likewise the theory of history of education). One can multiply reasons for such situation, pointing institutional deficiencies of science or stressing the fact that this term is for some researchers unwelcome and should be criticized. Although such statements are worth tackling, the present considerations focus on different research trail, being an analysis of obstacles for crystallization of the methodology reflection within history of education. These are, e.g., the lack of paradigmatic clarity and also definitional instability of contemporary methodology of history as such. Nevertheless, one should not treat this situation as disadvantage, rather as a need of different historical imagination. Responses to this need should be developed and potential contexts of such historical imagination are presented in the final part of this paper.

The paper is an in-depth analysis of the constraints and challenges that the researcher of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) faces in practices connected to the research processes. To fully understand where that trouble derives from, we need to examine the notion of discourse and the process of CDA itself. Then the major issues will be exemplified by particular experiences gained in the process of conducting the research project “Women in Intimate Relationships: The Empirical and Critical Study” financed by the Polish National Science Centre (NCN no 2011/01/D/HS6/02470). On one side, the text is an attempt to structure and systematize the knowledge about difficulties caused by the CDA processes, but on the other, it can be read as a kind of “warning notice” that can save very young researchers from making significant mistakes before they start their CDA investigations.

The article presents the results of analyses aimed at capturing the significance of bricolage emerging from its uses in scientific research practice. The main point of my interest are scientific conceptualizations of the concept of bricolage relating to the practice of defining, characterizing and embedding its meaning in existing theoretical approaches. The empirical basis of the analysis is confined to a set of 47 scientific articles which contain the concept of bricolage in their titles, abstracts, and keywords. Collecting these articles involved searching through such bibliographic databases as Web of Science, Scopus, Wiley, and the Polish National Library Catalogue. The direction of the analysis was inductive and emergent, subordinated to such research issues as: 1. what meanings of bricolage emerge from its use in scientific research practice? 2. how researchers justify the possibility of using bricolage in the practice of social and humanistic research? 3. what theoretical concepts are responsible for creating its meaning? Answering these questions has led me to a reconstruction of three conceptions of bricolage: epistemological bricolage, methodological bricolage, and hybrid bricolage.

This paper presents the results of research carried out during the first stage of the Polish education system transition process initiated by the education reform of 2017. The study was conducted with teachers of schools to be dissolved, who decided to transform their institutions into a new type of school – general education secondary school (lyceum), while retaining staff and organizational resources of the hitherto middle schools (gymnasium). A processual approach adopted in this project allowed me to capture the changes as they were happening and the analysis of the conditions of transition trajectories.

In this article we explore and discuss the benefits of and the challenges that arise when using qualitative methods to conduct research internationally. We firstly discuss the relationship that writers of qualitative studies have with their readers and the implications of this for writing style. This is then followed by an overview of different aspects of data collection design. Within this section we discuss research that we have conducted, as part of a variety of international projects, using two qualitative approaches: systematic documentary research and interview. We then focus on using interview as a research method. This discussion regarding using interviews is divided into two chapters. Firstly, we discuss issues of access and sampling, then the interview itself and the analysis of interview data. The final sections involve a discussion of ways in which validity and reliability can be contextualised within qualitative studies, and also a discussion on generalisability and the possibility of theory generation. We conclude with sections on ethics and possible future directions for international qualitative studies into teacher education.

The paper presents practical execution of a course The Qualitative Research Methods at the two-year master’s programs 3+2 (MA) in pedagogy at the Faculty of Education of University of Białystok, conducted according to premises of research-based learning (RBL). The aim of The Qualitative Research Methods is to develop research competence of students in the area of designing, conducting and reporting qualitative research. During classes the students prepare team projects of qualitative research dealing with their everyday life. The paper presents the results of analysis of 161 projects of qualitative research done over three-year period (2017–2020). Methodological premises done by the students at the stage of research planning were reconstructed: 1) the topic of research; 2) the subject and the goals of research; 3) motivation of a subject choice; 4) research problems. The analysis allowed to establish that linking research with teaching enables students to gain knowledge of: 1) conducting scientific research; 2) the scientific field they study as well as the fields related to it; 3) team work (including one dealing with executing and presenting the scientific research); 4) themselves as researchers.

The article is an example of research done with the biographical method within the framework of educational biography. In the text I present the key elements and stages of the applied research procedure (biographical workshops for young adults) and an example of using it in practice (i.e., obtaining qualitative data from written self-narratives, supplementary techniques and the analysis and interpretation carried out by the narrator). The research conclusions highlight the significance of using tasks of this kind in work with young adults. They show the opportunities but also limitations of using the biographical method, which result from the subjects’ young age. They describe a number of functions (including auto-therapy) that help them formulate their own judgements, gain autonomy in making decisions, and the sense of control of their own lives.

The aim of the text is to analyse author’s own reflective research practice and to give an account of a few exemplifications of tools supporting the self-evaluation process of own academic work, carried out under a case study strategy. Contemporarily, the process of empirical material collection and analysis can be supported by various computer-assisted technologies. The article attempts to present their employment in the self-evaluation approach and the value they have when they are used in qualitative inquires.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SPIS TREŚCI

Publikacja “Kultura i Edukacja” w języku angielskim, udostępnienie wersji cyfrowej w wolnym dostępie i zabezpieczenie oryginalności publikacji zgodne ze standardem COPE – zadania finansowane w ramach umowy 853/P-DUNdem/2018 ze środków Ministra Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego przeznaczonych na działalność upowszechniającą naukę.

This article presents the relationship between the Finnish educational change in schools (the Finnish Reform Movement), selected aspects of teachers’ professional development and context of educational thinking influenced by John Dewey’s pedagogy. The successful change of schools “calls for a ‘new professionalism’ in which teachers’ work is based on research-based, outcomes-oriented, data-driven and team focused at the same time as it is globalised, localised and individualised, with lifelong professional learning the norm for the specialist in school education” (Caldwell, 2003, p. 8). In this light, the article presents an overview of in-service training of teachers, cooperative learning and teachers’ autonomy in schools in the context of teachers’ professional development.

There are four main areas through which education can foster social cohesion, these are: curriculum design; an appropriate classroom climate of dialogue and respect; equal opportunities for all learners; and diverse school programmes that encompass the interests and experiences of the learning community. In this paper, by intersecting these concepts with the lead author’s experiences as a student in Vietnam’s primary and secondary public schools, we explore how social cohesion in constructed within the Vietnamese school system and the impact this has on student identity. Further focus is provided by analysing in-depth three fundamental aspects of the Vietnamese education system. These are: moral education; Vietnam’s national rite of saluting the flag; and didactic, teacher-focused teaching. The latter section of the essay then critically evaluates some shortcomings associated with the teaching of social cohesion in Vietnam. The purpose of this paper is to add meaning to those cultural features of schooling that have been taken for granted by Vietnamese people and also to highlight the need to find a balance between social cohesion and individuality in the Vietnamese educational system, so that in future current flaws can be erased. This paper is a conceptual paper informed by research literature. However, it also embraces an auto-ethnographic approach and in doing so extends the parameters of academic writing within a Vietnamese context.

Life in a culturally diverse environment and being a national minority member causes the socialization of young people to occur in more than one language. Language is not only a medium of culture but also a core element of identity. This article discusses the implementation of the right of national minorities to education in their languages. In Belarus, the Czech Republic, Poland, and Ukraine, there are national minorities of autochthonous character, along with schools with the language of a particular minority as the teaching language. The most developed and numerous network of schools operating in the official school system is in the Czech Republic. In Belarus and Ukraine, the legal possibility of opening and running minority schools was introduced several years ago. Not without significance is the functioning of parish schools, Saturday-Sunday schools, national or ethnic clubs. Apart from family, school is the basic place of learning the minority language, an important element of national identity. At school, learners deepen their cultural competences, within their national, majority group and European culture.

The increasing flexibility and uncertainty of permanent employment as well as the complexity of career paths in the modern labor market makes the ability to acquire, maintain and change employment in the long term critically important. In a situation in which a professional career is perceived as a status owned by an individual, it is worth looking at factors determining employability in the individual and social dimension. All the entity’s activities aimed at investing in shaping their professional future have measurable value for increasing its competitiveness on the labor market, which is not without significance for building career capital. The aim of the article is to present the assumptions of the modern concept of employability and its importance for the individual’s career capital. The article also attempts to analyze the tasks set for education in the area of employability development of young people preparing to take up professional activity.

Many professions have some identified features or performance rules that are considered characteristic of an expert. However the standards and expectations regarding teachers’ work might not have been clear to the majority of the teachers. The attributes that are demanded or expected from teachers are very diversified and span many fields of expertise. One of the reasons behind it may be the co-existence of multiple paradigms in the social sciences. Those paradigms cannot be applied simultaneously since the disparities between them are often insurmountable. Yet they define the role of a teacher and hence are crucial to the assertion of expertise in teaching. Therefore I come to the conclusion that understanding paradigms and their consequences for the role of a teacher may provide the necessary criteria of performance and a path to becoming an expert teacher. Without the knowledge and understanding of the basic concepts and the meaning of what it is that the teacher is trying to achieve through their performance, the teacher will not be able to work deliberately on their development or to critically reflect on it.

The article presents the two phenomena observed in the space of art and education in 21st century, which may constitute the basis for rethinking and modernizing the theory of aesthetic education. The first is the educational turn in contemporary art, consisting in the use of pedagogical methods and forms by artists in their creative work. Education becomes not only the subject of contemporary artistic projects, but above all, an artistic practice, the foundations of which were taken from radical pedagogy. The second element important for rethinking the theory of aesthetic education is the perspective of critical pedagogy. The article briefly presents Yolanda Medina’s Critical Aesthetic Pedagogy, which tries to combine aesthetic pedagogy with a critical approach in the context of self and social empowerment. New ways of intertwining the spheres of art and education in the 21st century may be an opportunity to renew and modernize both the practice and theory of aesthetic education, and to strengthen the aesthetic education approach in Polish pedagogy.

This article presents the issue of child readership in a multicultural world. The article is based on the VEGA 1/0455/18 research project named “Research and Development of Reading Enthusiasm with Younger School-Age Learners”,2 in which a team focused its research activities on the personality traits of readers, the social context of reading and their reading preferences. The period when children first encounter a book induces and stimulates a cultural need in children. This need appears at a pre-school age and fully develops during the early schooling years of a child. The current multicultural school presents relatively new social contexts that accompany the child in the context of their reading experience and experiences. The contents, genres and forms that children currently prefer when reading change in connection with cultural and social diversity. The article presents certain findings from two phases of research in which the research team used the qualitative method of discussions with focus groups and a questionnaire to identify the typical traits of readers and non-readers, the social context of readership and their preferred content, forms and media. Several noteworthy differences were identified, which are closely related to a multicultural environment and significantly differentiate the young readers of today from readers in the past.

In the context of globalization and the increasingly frequent intercultural communication, the author illustrated some of the typical cultural differences between China and the US, bearing in mind that cultural knowledge is one of the indispensable element for developing intercultural communicative competence. The major differences include communication rituals, customary symbols and expressions, values, and ways of thinking, etc. The purpose is to inform readers who may be interested in both cultures and are motivated to learn cultural knowledge as the basis for more effective and appropriate intercultural communication. The research goal is to study the cultural differences and reflect on their implications on intercultural communication.

The paper is devoted to chosen aspects of the situation of a child with migration experience in a new socio-cultural reality. The analyses undertaken in the article show the dilemmas and difficulties which accompany an individual functioning in the conditions of cultural differences. The text consists of two complementary parts. The first one presents specificity of enculturation and acculturation processes (learning of own and new culture). The second part describes the threads related to experiencing cultural differences and their psychological and social consequences. The consideration included in the paper enrich the narratives of people who experienced/are experiencing migration (mainly in the childhood) which are the results of empirical research (Polish context). The article may be useful to everyone who is interested in the issues of socio-cultural adaptation of children with migration experience.

The text discusses the issue of rooting of a beginner teacher in the social and cultural space of the school. The article is intended to raise awareness about possible fields of tension in the school culture, which - as identified in the experience of teachers - may serve as a barrier for functioning of a novice at school. In the beginning I presented a short discussion of the essence of school culture, and pointed out to possible presentation of problems related to functioning of a beginner teacher in it. In this background I presented assumptions and results of my own studies devoted to looking for an own place in school culture by a novice. From the perspective of teachers, when referring to their opinions I presented what types of own experience may be identified in the process of participation in school life and what types of anchors are used by novices. The discussion develops the thesis that due to multiplicity and locality of school cultures, a novice cannot learn them during their academic education, but they may be transgressively open to the notion of difficult embedding into the social and cultural space of school. The data obtained show that the teachers try to understand their own experiences and juxtapose them with their limited knowledge about school life when they start their work. The results show that they are motivated to take transgressive actions, and actively look for reference sources to formulate the interpretation framework and define a situation which is new to them. This can be understood as an attempt to immerse in the social world of the school and become an inherent part of the school culture.

There is a certain amount of research that proves that positive emotions and mood play an important role in creative human activity (Abele-Brehm, 1992; Tokarz, 2011; Kunat, 2015). Particularly valuable is ability to recognise emotions and communicate them. It is also important to accept experienced emotions, gain a skill to react accordingly as well as ability to evoke and regulate emotions. According to Salovey and Mayer’s model, the aforementioned dispositions are elements of emotional intelligence. It turns out that emotional intelligence can stimulate creative activity since it enables management of emotional expenditure (Nęcka, 2001). The paper presents results of research conducted among teachers of primary schools. It was assumed that there is a correlation between emotional intelligence and creative activity of teachers. The research can contribute to development of emotional skills of teachers and to intensify their creative activity. That, in turn, can translate into shaping of innovative school environment that fits the needs of contemporary young person - a student.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SPIS TREŚCI

Publikacja “Kultura i Edukacja” w języku angielskim, udostępnienie wersji cyfrowej w wolnym dostępie i zabezpieczenie oryginalności publikacji zgodne ze standardem COPE – zadania finansowane w ramach umowy 853/P-DUNdem/2018 ze środków Ministra Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego przeznaczonych na działalność upowszechniającą naukę.

The author assumes that the problem of migration is inscribed in the development of man and cultures. Treating inherited culture as an inalienable value, the basis for awareness and creation of the paradigm of the coexistence of cultures. Author points to the currently dominant principles of global politics. Points out that people belonging to the same global civilization should actively participate in the process of creating a global paradigm of the coexistence of cultures by planning and undertaking educational activities supporting the adaptation processes, shaping awareness of borderland functioning and related intercultural competences. The final effect in the proposed model is a balanced identity system that the Author perceives and analyzes in three areas (inherited, individually shaped and socially realized), in three time periods (past, present, anticipated future) and many dimensions of individual identity (biological, psychological, economic, cultural, intellectual, existential, etc.) and also many dimensions of socio-cultural identity (family, parish, local, regional, religious, ethnic, national, state, continental, global).

Foreigners on the Polish labor market constitute a small percentage of all employees. However, since 2016 – that is, since the introduction of the “500+ program” – a dynamic increase in this group of employees has been observed, which suggests the growing demand for work of economic immigrants in Poland. In the population of working foreigners, the citizens of Ukraine constitute the most numerous group. Data from the World Bank, the Ministry of Development, Labor and Technology, the Social Insurance Institution and the Supreme Chamber of Control allowed the author to outline the social situation of economic immigrants in Poland, and to show that Poland is (among others) an economically attractive place to work, especially for Ukrainian citizens. The analysis of statistical data prompted the author to ask the question: Who are those who hide behind the numbers? The answer to this question was provided by biographical and narrative interviews conducted in a Ukrainian family. The conclusion resulting from the comprehensive analysis of the empirical material indicates that the Polish state in its internal policy with insufficient care protects the economic and cultural rights of economic immigrants and their children.

The pandemic has significantly changed the social and economic situation in the world in recent months. Its effects affect people from disadvantaged groups and from groups with risk of disadvantage at the most. Migrants residing in different parts of the world for economic reason, were deprived of job opportunity, but also to return to their home country. People fleeing persecution and war cannot benefit from international protection, because of suspension of international programmes and reduction of state involvement in providing aid. The situation of the families has a direct impact on the situation of the children. The issue is important, but also poorly described in Polish scientific literature. The article is an attempt to identify the basic problems they are confronted migrant children not only in Poland, but also in other countries. The analysis were determined by the question: What is the impact of the crisis caused COVID-19 on the situation of migrant children? The answer was formulated in relation to current international studies and it has preliminary nature. It requires further analysis, especially focused on empirical research.

The article presents a proposal of the psycho-pedagogical transcultural diagnosis model of migrant’s problems. A ground to this type of models and procedures, based on the main assumptions of contemporary theories of transculturalism, creates a consequence of the fact, that it is one of the most significant characteristics of our times, as well as the fact that the transculturation process among this social group is currently a very dynamic one. In the model presented hereby (due to the practical and innovative nature of pedagogy and in response to the need of diagnostic models and procedures modification postulated by migration experts) the specificity of progress and blockades symptoms of immigrants’ adaptation were also taken into account - with regard to phases of adaptation and integration processes in the social, psychological, didactic, care and educational spheres.

The article is an attempt to define the attitudes of students of pedagogy studies towards immigrants in the aspect of the emotional attitude manifested. In the near future these students will decide on the educational process and consequently on the quality of social functioning. The quality of their activities depends not only on their level of knowledge, but also on their attitude towards the social processes. To achieve the research goal, a diagnostic survey method with a survey technique based on semantic differential was used. The research proved that the surveyed students show a neutral attitude towards immigrants. Such an attitude may indicate indecisiveness and lack of acceptance, which undoubtedly may be closer to a negative attitude. The research also indicates an urgent need for intercultural education.

The dual vocational education system in Germany is recognised as a model worldwide. The second decade of the 21st century is unfolding under the visible effects of the technological revolution, social changes and intensified migration flows. Difficulties in filling vacant working places, the need to intensify professional orientation, closer cooperation among schools influence the development of new solutions for the system. In relation to the Polish vocational education reform, such paradigms as employer and school, student and master, vocational orientation, professional integration of migrants acquire new meanings. The current problems of the German dual system and its possible solutions become a reference for the current discussion on young people’s vocational education in Poland.

The article draws attention to the difficulties in functioning as a pupil and peer of children of other cultures (migrants) who have to find themselves in a new educational and social reality after coming to Poland. There will be special analysis made of migrant children (of other nationalities), who mainly face language competence deficits and, consequently, adaptation and educational problems. The educational system has to more often face the new challenges of teaching and bringing up multicultural students (belonging to different national, ethnic, linguistic, and religious). For them, Polish is usually a foreign language that significantly influences the quality of their social contacts and educational achievements. Language proficiency is therefore crucial for school success and integration. One of these challenges is to accurately and reliably identify the needs of students with multiple difficulties at different levels of education to organize effective psychological and pedagogical assistance. The article draws attention to the key elements of the diagnostic process which include: a diagnostician, a child, a parent (subjects in the research relationship), and research methods and tools (subjects). The issue of limitations of the process of diagnosing specific learning and social difficulties becomes particularly important here, as well as identification of barriers resulting from the search for effective assistance solutions.

In recent years, especially since 2014, we have observed an unprecedented increase in the number of migrants in Poland, which is also reflected in the school community. Every year the number of migrant students grows, and with it the challenges faced by Polish schools. One of the responses of Polish legislation to these difficulties are intercultural assistants who, working in schools, support migrant students, their parents and teachers. They are also a kind of bridge connecting the Polish and migrant communities. In this article, I refer to the concept of intercultural opening, which is about building inclusive communities and institutions (including schools) for everyone, regardless of origin, nationality or language of communication. The aim of this article is to present the concept of intercultural opening as one of the antidotes to the challenges of the increasing number of migrants and cultural diversity, and the role of intercultural assistants in the process of intercultural school opening. In the first part of the article, I present the situation of migrant children in Polish schools. I refer to the statistical data and the legal framework which determine the education system of migrant children in Poland. The second part contains the concept of an intercultural opening of the school and its characteristic features, while the third one presents the role and tasks of an intercultural assistant in the process of intercultural opening of the school. The last part of the article is a summary.

The modern, globalized world require from many persons to be in constant movement between not only geographical areas but also cultural circles. Representatives of various cultural, religious, national or ethnic groups meet on a daily basis as part of the education process, professional tasks or free time. Efficient functioning in such an environment is not possible without extended intercultural competences and creating open and tolerant society goes along with the need of breaking, rooted in tradition, stereotypes and prejudices. For a long time, a significant percentage of activities aimed at establishing relationships and cooperation between people from different cultures was based on the assumptions of the contact hypothesis, the essence of which is personal contact, exchange of experiences and verification of beliefs. This approach is reflected, inter alia, in in the European Erasmus + programs to support youth and academic mobility. Currently in the era of limitation of the possibility of movement caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus pandemic, most activities within education systems throughout Europe are carried out remotely. Contact mediated by new technologies very often lacks or significantly reduces the possibility of receiving non-verbal elements of communication, such as facial expressions, body language, proxemics or paralinguistic factors. The purpose of this article is to reflect on the effectiveness of actions based on the contact hypothesis in the case of distance contact and the need to search for new, alternative solutions in this regard. The starting point will consist of analysis of the benefits from implementing activities based on direct contact, on the example of the involvement of Erasmus+ program students in activities in the field of intercultural education in primary school. On the other hand, the difficulties observed in international projects, in which contact between participants due to the introduced restrictions must be mediated by the media will be described.

The doll as a symbol of person is recognizable all over the world. Due to its communicative function, it is a tool worth using in intercultural education. A motanka doll is a ragged, hand-made doll, the symbolism of which is conducive to telling stories about its own culture. The use of this artifact in the context of work on the migration experience is based on the theoretical assumptions of ethno-pedagogy and the methods of work of intercultural education. The discussion of working with a motanka doll was presented on the basis of classes with students of preschool and early school education as part of the “Cultural anthropology” course.