Education is a fundamental right of every human being and a universal value as well as an investment in the future of both the individual and the community. Its reforming is a difficult and multi-conditional task. It takes time and needs the funds based the assumptions of the reform. Educational reports and the documents of the European Committee all point out that the „society learning throughout its lifetime” is the most important in this respect. Thus the basic aims of the reform are those concerning general culture, developing skills for a future job, helping to develop economic activity, improving flexibility of educational process so it becomes multi-tasking and innovative, giving the same educational opportunities for the adults and the youth, struggling against school problems, learning three languages used in EU, decentralising and regionalising, diversificating higher education and educating the teachers.  The Polish reform of education focuses on four main points: raising the level of education in Poland by popularising secondary and higher education, leveling educational opportunities, improvement in quality of education and the change in the structure of schools.  It lacks however a long-term programme for the whole system between years 2010-2015. And besides the positive results of the reform launched in the 1990-s, there are still many fields of impendence and disfunction. It calls for the cooperation and integration with the EU coutries and these should be popularised by all the educational institutions to make the processes of using European standards and values smoother and to prepare for the tasks of the informational society which is based on knowledge.

Opportunities and threats of polish technical universities on time of integration with European Union

Accession to European Union is very important factor, determining the future of Poland. Obviously this fact have also very strong impact on Polish Universities. It is especially meaningful and even threats generating for Polish Technical Universities, because of growing competition in the area of high education and development of industrial productivity. European technical universities (in contrast with other type of universities) haven't got enough candidates for technology and science studies. The reason is simple: Good and reach Universities from - for example - Germany are very interested in acceptance of good polish candidates students as their students. This fact leads to the direct competition between Polish and other European universities, placing us in much worse position because of big differences in funds obtained by the Universities form the government in Poland and in EU countries.  Next threats generating factor is connected with the profile of the professional activity of alumni. When good teachers, doctors, lawyers and other alumni of general type universities working in Poland are not exposed to be a direct competitors for their EU colleges, well educated Polish engineers must compete with them on the European Labor Market because of the condition of Polish industry. Many in general in EU people in UE there is no interested in development of Polish industry. The reason is simple: when Polish plants are small and in old-fashion, than many similar plants in Western Europe can produce goods for export its to Poland. In fact this means export of UE unemployment - to Poland. When Polish technical universities will offer to Polish industry many well educated engineers - it must leads to fast development of Polish plants and increasing of Polish economy. Hence Polish Technical Universities can not count for help from EU structures and eventually can be closed after full integration. The paper presents general discussion of this problem.

The theoretical pedagogical knowledge and educational practice

The theoretical pedagogical knowledge and educational practice can be interrelated m a creative way. 'The theoretical pedagogical knowledge can influence educational practice through spreading the results of researches

a) descriptive and diagnostic ones,

b) explanatory and verifying ones,

c) historical ones,

d) comparative ones,

e) experimental ones.

Educational practice can influence the theoretical pedagogice] knowledge through teachers' cognitive and creative activity which is showed in such forms as:

a) participation in action research,

b) pedagogical innovations,

c) realization of pedagogical research.

Taking advantage of these possibilities depends on the attitudes of pedagogical researchers and teachers.

Wolnomularstwo jako idea "prawdziwego chrześcijaństwa" w koncepcji filozofii uniwersalnej narodowej B. F. Trentowskiego

The subject of this article is a problem of authority in a social - political doctrine of pope Leon XIII. The Leon's XIII encyclical Diuturnum Ilłud was a source of information to analises of this issues. The encyclical was published 29th of June 1881 and a was anhounced as soon as an attempt on tsar Ale- ksander II life was made. Leon XIII criticized and rejected doctrines, which propagated that an authority is granted by people.  He said that the authority is given by the God and it has divine character. The authority can't be granted by people, because they don't have a law to give the authority. According to Leon's XIII opinion the mistakes of the social agree- ment doctrines came from the reformation times. The reformation brought an ideas development which propagate a character and destruction.  The theory of authority of Leon's XIII in a large part contributed to retrieval the church authority, which was weak after French Revolution. The pope didn't support any of political form, but the accepted politic pluralism, which came into being when feudal relations were demolished. The pope emphasized that national system should be consistent with the God's law and should stress justice.

In this paper there was presented hypothesis of the cosmic system of the coherential connectivity as the global, semantic reality, that involves the total meaning pool. It supplies the historical memory and the future programs. At the elementary level that system consists of the many quantic effects as exemplified by the Bose-Einstein condensation, which manifest itself in the water droplets. On the microscopic scale the tubuline channels, presented in all the tissues there emerge soliton signals, sent to and accepted from the cosmos Solitons make beliefs of the radio electromagnetic nets, that surround all the objects in the universum. Attractors and repliers are the macroscopic representation of the chaotic, non-linear brain dynamics. In all these parts of the coherent system, there are circulating the notion elements i.e. inseminational-semantic messages that create a base for the internal, essentional consciousness (self) and for the hidden, virtual, potential reality which belongs to the interest range medicine and particularly of the psychone-urology.  

Hungarian minority as a factor destabilizing European order

Conflicts on national basis are a factor shaping mutual relations between subjects from international community circle. They have become the main driving force of political and social changes in a present power system.  The area of tension dominated by ethnic aspects is the Central-Eastern Europe.  One of the conflict phenomena is the situation of the Hungarian minority. The aim of this paper is to prove that despite the existence of European integration program the problem of Hungarian minority can be the source of civilisational dissention, especially in neigbouring countries.  The peculiarity of Hungarian minority is its size in relation to the inhabitants of the motherland. At present there are about 9.5 million of native inhabitants in Hungary. Outside the borders of the country, living in groups of diverse density, there are 4.5 million of Hungarians, which proportionally constitutes 43% of Hungary inhabitants. Proportions decide about the individual character of the minority. 34% of emigrants have settled in neighbouring countries, mainly Romania about 2 million, Slovakia - 600,000, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia - 400,000 and Ukraine - 200.000 people.  The reasons for this should be sought in historic circumstances, triggered by the treaty signed in Trianon on 4th June, 1920. As a result of the treaty resolutions Hungary, belonging to the group of countries defeated in war, lost 2/3 of its territory to Romania (Transilvania and Banat), Serbia (Voyvodina) ans Czechoslovakia (the northern part of Hungary). People found themselves outside the borders of their motherland. Also waves of economic (between 1871 and 1913) and political (from 1841 to 1845, 1947 to 1948 and from 1956 to 1957) emigration as well as demographic crisis were especially loaded with consequences.  The core of Hungarian minority problem is its size as it is a rather densely populated compact area. All of the above mentioned can be used as an argument in favour of authonomy aiming actions that have been taken up. A minority of  such characteristic features is bound to determine the direction of Hungarian foreign and defence policy.  In the face of the actual situation of the minority there arises a problem of the basis for demands and for all the actions undertaken to achieve an independent entity status. A rule of self-determination can be employed here. It was recorded after the Second World War as a legal principle in Charter of the United Nations in art.1 point 2 and it has been a factor activizing states as far as foreign affairs and relations are concerned. It warrants aspirations and lights for national independence of social groups aiming at legal self-determination in international community. Self-determination as a normative term has evolved and still is subject to processes modifying a way of thinking because of its objective content.  After the Second World War the right for self-determination assumed an anticolonial character and was an ideological justification for postulates of eradication of politics and economy dominant position of great colonial powers. At that time the accepted interpretation in colonial terms allowed for further democratic changes and became a condition for progress as far as evolution of states was concerned. The 19605 brought a change in the shape of development of the range of the self-determination right, which was connected with aquiring a universal character and resigning from limiting the area of interests for colonial territories. The rule has gained a democratic apellation, justifying political regimes. A new aspect of the issue arised - self-determination as a basis for ethnic minorities demands in the sphere of authonomy and and self-governing in independent countries. In the 199os it was the source of ethnic intolerance, xenophobia and destructive tendencies. Such thinking may prove to be a basis of Hungarian minority actions or an argument in a international discussion over this problem.

Prawa mniejszości polskiej w suwerennych państwach nadbałtyckich a układy bilateralne

What was the idea of pan-slavism?

Pan-slavism, a nineteenth century concept, had a profound meaning as it influenced numerous nations and changed the fate of the Slavs.  Politicians, thinkers and belles-lettres' authors have created, deveIoped and served by, that is why pan-slavism has been associated, defined and compared in many different ways. Pan-slavism of the first part of the nineteenth century believed that Slavic community would be reborn and was convicted about its leading role in general history. Pan-slavism had different varietes, depending on the countries in which it came into existence and also on its theorists' nationality. In the second part of the nineteenth century pan-slavisrn was transformed into pan-russism, into a political system based on an assumption that Russia was the only power able to put together the "broken pieces of Slavic nation”.  Pan-slavic idea cannot be treated indifferently, especially now that together with some Slavic countries we are going to create a united Europe.  The idea indicates what the international contacts between nations ought to be like. They cannot rest on utopian views but on economic cooperation, constructive approach to internal relations in particular countries and to their international situation, but most of on cultural exchange, silencing of dissension, Clearing up misundertandings and establishing a common ground for action. Cultural dialogue seems to be of the greatest importance here. It is the cooperation between nations and not countries that creates a community. Mutual cognition of cultures, religions and languages is the only way to a real communion.

General premises for questing new ways of economic thinking

In Western culture contemporary era was characterised by scientific, technical and economical progress. The twentieth century and especially its second half revealed on the one hand depletion (foretelling a breakdown) of this project, and on the other hand appearance, together with the main stream, of new developmental trends. Favourable conditions were created by new scientific discoveries as well as changes in understanding of religiousness. Alternative development scenarios were invented, of which the main focus was specifying systems of values and, what would follow, changes of institutions and global management and economics. A number of postulates aimed to change the situation was proposed. Some of them were put into practice. New conditions are bound to influence perception of a subject and the range of economic discussions. New assumptions should lay foundations for the bases of economy. What seems interesting is the fact of drawing attention to the possibility of changing a notion of an "economic man” towards, generally speaking, a conception of Msc and Kind People (F. Zaniecki), characteristic of humanistic civilization.

The paper aims to provide a statistical overview on some crucial Information society indicators in Candidate countries in the context of the situation in EU related fields. The study is based on the Eurostat data. It provides, among other things, a comparison about the number of PCs, Internet hosts, Internet users, mobile phone subscriptions and IT expenditure in Candidate countries.  The number of Internet hosts per 100 inhabitants and PCS in Candidate countries is relatively low compared to the EU average. Many indicators (on average) in the Candidate countries are equivalent to just under one-quarter of the EU average. However, the Candidate countries have continued to record considerable growth, higher one than in the EU. Differences between Candidate countries are significant: while the density of PCs and mobile phones in Slovenia was close to the EU average in 2001, it was less than 20% of the EU average in Romania.  Finally, the study attempts to indicate a method of Candidate countries informational technologies standards discrimination. The employed analytical method is regression decision trees.

The international passion for mergers and acquisitions of the last two decades is creating corporations of immense dimensions and power. One of the fastest and most effective ways to increase market share or establish a company in a new market is to acquire another company. This can be accomplished through a variety of different means with the end result being a stronger, more solid company with increased revenues and enhanced Shareholder value. Acquisition strategies are undertaken for a variety of reasons, but whatever the underlying reasons, the one thing that all these strategies have in common is a desire to strengthen and grow the existing business. M&A activity has never been higher because of increasing pace of globalisation, industry consolidation and technological advances. But Mergers and acquisitions need careful planning if a successful outcome is to be achieved.  M&A activities are getting more and more popular in Poland, but here they are connected with restructuring, privatisation initiatives of the State Treasury. Acquisitions can be held in two ways: through privatisation of state-owned enterprises or by consolidation of private companies in the market. The first way is still more common in Poland, but the second one is getting on importance quickly.  Małopolska region plays an increasing role in mergers and acquisitions marketplace. At the beginning of 90. such transactions were quite rare yet, but from 1996 they are taking place more and more often. As competitiveness is getting stronger, foreign investors increase interest in Poland as it approaches EU accession, bigger and stronger companies will be created to face these conditions.

Leasing as an alternative source of financing investments

In the developed market economy the companies can choose from a wide range of methods, which enable them to win the means, which are necessary for operating in the rival environment. Since a long time leasing has been used in advanced countries as an external source of financing investments. Leasing is one of these ways, which enable the investors to finance the investment without engaging their own capital. This instrument is particularly popular in small business owing to the complicated bank procedures and the requirements regarding the credit ability. Leasing is therefore a fast and easy method of winning assets, which are necessary for development and modernization of the company. The unquestionable advantage of leasing is its variety, which make possible to use leasing contracts for every type of investment. The world tendency shows that this form of financing investments will be more and more diverse and adjusted to the needs of the companies. The first part of the article is trying to explain the idea of leasing as a form of winning finances for investments. The author specifies the basic types of leasing and circumstances favouring its use.In the second part of the article the author presents the principles and the practical application of the net advantage of the lease method. The analyse focuses on the factors, which determinate the economic efficiency of operational leasing in comparison with investment credit, such as tax and amortisation benefits.

Technological park of Krakow its foundations aid practice

In the world economy special economic zones belong to commonly accepted instruments of activating international economic activity, particularly in the regions threatened with structural unemployment and requiring deep restructuring.  In all highly developed countries there are thought to function from 800 to 1200 SEZ having considerable share in the value of world's production, where nearly 27 mln people are employed altogether. They represent a variety of types which are defined by previously formed production and location predispositions of the zone region. The economic zones of a special character, named so because of their specialization, are Technological Parks. In Poland the Technological Park of Krakow seems to be highly promising one.  The author of the article aims in presenting: 

1. the nature and role of the special economic zones in Poland as well as the  main problems of their functioning; 

2. purposes and foundations of the Technological Park of Krakow and some  major issues connected with its origin and functioning. 

Besides, the present text considers the meaning of the Technological Park of Krakow for development of Malopolska region and discusses the activities that influence its dynamic formation.

The economic situation of spa companies in the transformation period

The introduction of the healthcare reform in 1999 coincided with transforming state-owned spa companies into trade law companies. It was also connected with the change of supervision from the Ministry of Health into Ministry of the Treasury. The newly created companies had to immediately adapt to the demands of the National Health Fund as well as to the growing competition on the market of spa healthcare services. The contracts signed with the National Health Fund, which monopolizes the market of healthcare services, did not guarantee safe functioning. Various actions had to be taken:  searching for other sources of financing healthcare services (ZUS National Health Insurance, KRUS - National Health Insurance in Agriculture, full payment health resort visitors)  lowering the costs with the constant growth of customers' demands  restructuring employment  The resources taken over as a result of transforming state-owned spa companies are among others: constant property, circulating property, private capital and personnel. 'The changes of these elements have been illustrated in chart 1 and 2. The fact of reducing employment is disturbing, as these companies are the major work places in heath resorts.  The third chart presents consumers of health resort services. There is a growing tendency in expenses on health resort in the years 1999-2000, but the level of flnancing from 1998 has not been reached. The number of individual full payment consumers is increasing. On the one hand, it is the result of marketing, but on the other hand it is the tendency of active and healthy rest in resorts. Charts 4 and 5 present the chosen economic and financial values characterizing the working of the spa companies. Analysing them proves the need for instant decisions about further directions of functioning of the spa companies. Discontinued privatization of these companies leads to the discouragement of employees who bear the consequences of transformation as well as the decapitalisation of wealth due to the lack of finances for modernizing the existing base and new investments.

Work concentrates on the role played by co-operative banks, as a local bank. Nowadays their role has increased from year to year now it is about 4-5% of total market share, and their profitable is rising. Lubelski Macro region was chosen for analyses due to its tradition of co-operative banking and the specific characteristics of the region. Papers analyses the function of co-operative banks in stimulating the development of local communities. Co-operative banks can perform many function, these include non-agricultural function as well as these function connected with the integration with EU.

This article contains a brief introduction to the problem of ideology in managing human resources. This question is discussed on the basis of business documents of Unilever Poland. The subject of ideologization in the company's structure and relations between the employer and an employee was analyzed. Simultaneously, consequences resulting from this fact have been pointed out. Ideologization comprises various aspects of the company's functioning, as well as the question of hierarchy and relations among employees. Also, negative aspects of ideologization have been outlined, with focus on individual's alienation.

Agriculture in Podhale and its transformation

Podhale is a small region: its share in Poland's total area amounts 0,5% only. Settled zones of Podhale Villages lie between 500 and 1000 m. a.s.l. Nowhere in Poland so numerous Villages, their houses and fields reach such the altitude.  Podhale has been colonised since the 13th. c. Came here not only Polish settlers from vicinities of Cracow, Tarnów and Sandomierz cities, but also those from Balkans - Valachians of Romanian origin, who introduced new ways of sheep and cattle breeding. In this meeting of two cultures, prevailed farming methods brought from north, adopted partially to local montane conditions but completed by Valachian breeding systems.  In this time difficult natural conditions made highlanders to practise the agriculture fulfilling only their family needs. Such an autarchy lasted long centuries. The agricultural production had to be diversińed.  Even in the eve of 5os of the past century, some % of Villages area was covered by arable lands, on which all crops possible to be cultivated under the local climatic and soil conditions could be found.  But after the 2nd World War, in the 5os, a demand for food grew considerably, due to the industrialisation (i.e. construction of the Nowa Huta Steel Works near Cracow) and the tourism development in Podhale. Thus the economic situation of the region improved.  In the 605 and 705 of the 2oth c. the arable land area was reduced twice in Podhale, on favour of pastures and meadows. The growth of those uses was advantageous for the cattle breeding and the milk production growth, which surpluses were sold.  Simultaneously, the 603 decade was marked by the growing migration from Podhale to the United States. This economically based outflow had tradition dated back to the 19th c. It influenced considerably the Podhale economic life, especially the housing conditions, which were ameliorated, and caused the agriculture modernisation.

Culinary identity of Podhale region

Following paper refers to the question of culinary identity exemplifled by Podhale region - the land situated on the South part of Poland near the Tatra Mountain and inhabited by people so called Górale. The authors try to consider the phenomena of contemporary Górale culture of cuisine with special regard to the problem of regional identity. In the modern context, the traditional cuisine are becoming sign of regional difference and is also regarded as symbols of cultural identity.

Rural mistresses from Malopolska in a house. farm and in earning work

The article presents results of researches conducted by means of interview with 365 rural women at the age 30-59, voluntary chosen in three communities of south-eastern Poland. Respondents were showed at the background of their families with different saurces of income, from which earning work, social saurces and small farms are the mainest. The article's subject focuses on different activities which examined women do (home, care of children, moreover for most agricultural production and for the half earning work) and proportions among so different kinds of activities, also burden of individual activities. Respondents' opinions on these questions let us maintain that women attach great importance to the possibility of gaining work, which is limitted by big unemployment at present.

Nationalistic platform of democratic party presented in 1940-1945 in Krakow's conspiracy press was based on suppose of achievement of compromise with nationalities from post-war state. In many issues it had general character. Some problems were discussed in detail. First of all the most important was requirement of change of fundamental nationalistic policy after war. Expecting consistent co-existence nations: Polish, Ukrainian, Lithuanian and Belorussian it was (widely) acknowledged that minorities should enjoy national and civil liberties. From planned equality of rights Germans were eliminated and they were going to be evacuated outside of polish borders. It was accented that almost whole German nation was responsible for the crimes committed during war. German nation that its passive attitude to national socialism supported nazi regim. One should pay an attention to the lack of unequivocal state to Jewish population that did not present an object to interest in conspiracy press in Krakow. Stronger attention was paid to forecast of contact with minorities from eastern verges. They were to be based on the guarantee of equal rights in organized conditions - enabling political, cultural and economic development, which wouldn't collide with social interest.

Nazi policy on the Polish educational system in German-occupied Poland with specific consideration of the Lublin district

The Nazi extermination policy had a negative effect on all of Polish public life, including education.  In areas incorporated into the Reich the occupying forces immediately began closing all Polish schools, research institutions, publishing houses, libraries, theatres, etc. Teachers were displaced and some were imprisoned or placed in concentration camps.  Only German-occupied Poland had a school system. Here the occupying forces allowed primary and vocational schools to function. Beceause they planned the economic exploitation of these areas and of a cheap labour force, they needed workers who had obtained basic skills in vocational schools.  The elimination of the intelligentsia was meant to make the Polish people incapable of opposing the imposed order. To this end the Polish system of secondary and higher education, which would educate the intelligentsia must be destroyed.  This policy was also carried out in the Lublin district, which was part of German-occupied Poland.  This article develops and substantiates the above points.

The organization and management of the week of education, books and press in Zamość region from 1949 to 1952

The article depicts the organization and management of The Week of Education, Books and Press from 1949 to 1952 in Zamość province and further administrative unit by both the Department of Culture and Art, and the Department of Education. The main aim of cultural and educational celebrations was introducing political and ideological ideas. The ruling party propagated reading which was meant to make society approve of socialist ideology in return for the career opportunities assured by the Party. On the international level, the chief aim of such projects was gaining support for the USSR and "People's Democracies” of Eastern Europe while creating a negative attitude towards capitalist countries. The celebrations were to demonstrate a social approval of the political and economic actions of the government. The celebrations described in this article are to visualize the socialist attempts to create the new proletarian, internationalist, materialistic, national and socialist culture in the lowest administrative units.

Social welfare and charity support for helpless adults and children in a city of Cracow, have been establishing a tradition that reaches a long way back through the centuries. Services to poor and homeless were organized mainly by celegry, and from the city's funds. In the Medieval Age, because of many fires and disease epidemics, the percentage of poverty grew constantly. The first hospital in Cracow was established in the year 1244. It was called the Holly Ghost hospital, and remained until the year 1886. In XIV and XV centuries, a number of new asylums of the same purpose were founded. Help was organized by craftsmen, and also by religious brotherhoods. A number of such asylums were founded in Cracow form inspiration of Adam Chmielowski (Brother Albert), founder of The Congregation o Albertin Brothers. In nineteenth centaury, particular and important role, have played two philanthropic institutions. House of Poors founded by Anna and Ludwik Helcel, and a shelter for orphan boys founded by duke Aleksander Lubomirski. In these very modern, for those ages, institutions there not only was a concern about physical wealth of their "patients”, but also satisfying the spiritual needs. This pattern evolves to present day

The year 1956 was of great significance in the political history of Poland in the second half of the 20th century. When the crimes of Stalinism were revealed, Bolesław Bierut died and the workpeople of Poznań rose in riot, the governing Polish United Workers' Party and the social-political organizations associated with the party faced the deep political crisis.  In the political events of 1956 the youth - including students - played a vital role. The Polish Youth Union - the only formal pro-government youth organization - was broken up and dissolved. The Cracow Students' Revolutionary Committee brought into being the Revolutionary Youth Union, to which belonged students and young intellectuals. Simultaneously the Working Youth Union was established in places of employment (founded in the chemical works in Oświęcim on the 5th of December 1956).  In the autumn of 1956 the youth circles in Cracow played a key role in the formation of a new model of youth organization in Poland. Finally on the turn of 1956 and 1957 the unique social system of youth organizations in socialist countries of those times was created in Poland. The system included the following organizations: Socialist Youth Union, Peasant Youth Union, Polish Students' Association and Polish Pathfinders' Union.

A unique monument has remained in the museum in the clarist convent of the saint Francis rule. This monument is a large-sized (almost 7x6,5 metres) Christ's grave, made of planks. The tomb was made in the years 1776-1777. Feliks Derysarz, a painter who worked in the convent at that period, might be considered its creator. The grave in Stary Sącz has a special character. Like a theatrical decoration, it consists of rows of smaller and smaller arcades, which have spaces for a Host and for a statue of lying Jesus. The whole of luxuriant rococo decoration is enriched by painted representations of Pieta, soldiers holding a vigil and a lamb. The grave in Stary Sącz, which was stili in use until recently, is a unique monument in Małopolska (a district of Poland), or even the whole Poland.

The article contains the history of church in Kamionka Mala in the Limanowa district. On the basis of various sources the author of the article traced both the history of the church and its influence on the inhabitants of the village.  The article concludes that the site is not only one of oldest in the area, but has it also educated the local community. The local parsons used to console the people and supported them in hardship. They also raised the morale during the partitions and numerous wars.

The problem of present-day of the conceptions of the precursors of the education through art; F. Nietzsche and H. Read in view of the adaptation of the pedagogical university ideas of Cracow

The paper is preceded by the introduction which deals with the unification of concepts: aesthetic education, artistic education, education to art and education through art.  In the first part the author reminds the views of the chosen philosophers on the role of art and aesthetic experience in a human's life (chronologically starting with Pitagoras and ending with Wladyslaw Tatarkiewicz).  The above brief philosophical review is the background to present the original conceptions of the education through art of F. Nietzsche and H. Read's, what is described in the third part.  The next paragraph deals with the adaptation of the ideas in the characteristic for the education through art stream in the period of the New Education (I. Rousseau, ]. H. Pestalozzi, C. Freinet, V. Lowenfeld, F. V. Brecht, ]. Dewey) and direct followers of the H. Read conception (R. Witkin, B. Way and others).  In the last part there are considerations about present-day of the origins of the education through art in Polish pedagogical literature (ideas of S. Szuman, B. Suchodolski, I. Wojnar and others), especially in Pedagogical University Ideas of Cracow.  The reminding of H. Read's ideas by the way of topics which concern the changes in art and education, which take place nowadays, seems to be correct, as S. Morawski has written: "H. Read was actually a utopian, but not a fantasist, he was not only a friend of artists, with whom he communicated in a personal way, but he was also a friend of the others, who had led the dramatic tight of the escape from the labyrinth of our epoch... magnetic and provoking philosopher of life, with whom one had had to cope with the own spirit resources.”

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