Law System in Society

The following paper refers to my article on Non-law elements of the social order in the state. Its objective is to justify the presented issue. The author emphasizes that the mentioned elements belong to the domain of the theory of law which can be solved only within the framework of sociology of law. As a result. the author Claims that the mentioned elements gain the significance of a semi-social institutions.

Institutionalism - Evolution and Importance

The institutional trend includes veblenism, postveblenism, neoinstitutionalism and new institutional economics - all with reference to another theory are very critical to mainstream economics. That contribute new questions, important was change of assumption - especially of human rationality. It should be emphasized great importance for postveblenism theory (among the another theory - empirical researches). Postveblenism representatives played a part of an economic practice in the United States of America. Neoinstitutionalism support to increase nation role, did not have more importance (maybe quasi - institutionalists). The whole idea was concentrated more on macroeconomic. The new institutional economics refers to microeconomic and postveblenism. Main problems its: transaction costs, institution, transactions. It seems, that it recovers some influence in the science and importance for a practice.

The Cultural Changes of Polish Countryside

The article presents direction of changes concerning the lifestyle, the conscience, the attitudes and customs of countryside inhabitants and indicates its economic, social and historic determinants. It describes also the factors that maintain some cultural particularity of countryside.

Teachers Reflections on Pedagogy as Opposed to School Routine

A teacher in contemporary school should be the creative subject of his activities who shuns stereotypes and looks for new paths and methods in education. One should have sensitive and reflective nature in order to plan one's own development, find creative solutions and foresee the effects of pedagogical activities. A teacher should be, for one, a reflective practitioner since his professional development is closely connected with the pedagogical reflection.  School routine shows that many teachers know little about reflection and do not appreciate it before, during and after their pedagogical work. It is a disturbing phenomenon since reflection gives a teacher a chance to understand his/her actions, helps to control his/her development and enriches his/her knowledge on teaching and upbringing which helps to make valid and wise choices.  It is important to focus on reflective thinking in teachers' education and professional development and to create conditions for everyday, purposeful and planned reflection in pedagogical practice.

The "Osoawjachim" as a mass paramilitarian organization in 1926-1939 years.

The aim of this article is to present the basic tasks of the mass paramilitarian organizations within the Soviet political system.The mass organisations were very important in the totalitarian Soviet state. Ideas generated by the Party come to the masses by the mass organizations. They were involved in all propaganda campaigns initiated by the Party. These organizations were the trade unions, the cooperatives, the youth organizations such as the "Komsomol" or paramilitarian organization the "Osoawjachim”.  The "Osoawjachim" was designed in 1926 for youth between the ages fifteen and eighteen. It served as a recruitment and training agency for the Red Army. The Osoaivjachim” had a particular task such as acquainting people with flying and parachuting or helping the navy.  According to the Soviet propaganda the "Osoawjachim" involved a large percentage of the Soviet population in its work; it is estimated that 3 percent of the Soviet society belonged. The growth of the "Osoawjachim” was impressive; it is estimated that from 1927 to 1931 the organization increased its membership threefold - from 3 000 000 to 9 000 000. The percentage of women fluctuated - in 1935 it was 25 percent.

There is significant disparity in economic strength between regions of Poland. Two of the economically largest voivodships - Mazowieckie and Slaskie - produces over one third of total gross domestic product (GDP) of Poland. To compare, GDP of four voivodships with the smallest economics (Opolskie, Lubuskie, Podlaskie and Swietokrzyskie) represent less than 10% of total Poland's GDP. When analyzing development of this indicator during the period of 1995 and 2003, it is evident that the difference between the largest and the smallest voivodships increased.  The most adequate and commonly used indicator comparing economic development of regions is per capita GDP. Comparing development of this ratio in recent year, one can notice that the differences between regions not only did not diminish, but they continued to increase. Looking back to 1995, the highest level of economic development was reported in Mazowieckie voivodship, with per capita GDP higher by a quarter in comparison to the Poland's average. Three years later, it increased to 146% of the national average, this trend being continued in following years. In a result, in 2003, the level of wealthness of the Mazowieckie exceeded the national average by 53.1%, indicating that the region developed at significantly higher rate than the country as a whole. The lowest level of per capita GDP ratio in 2003 was reported in Lubelskie - approximately 70% of Poland's GDP. It means that between 1995 and 2003 this indicator deteriorated significantly, from 77% of GDP, indicating markedly lower economic growth in this region than in the country as a whole.  Level of economic development is highly influenced by labour productivity - in regional breakdown, differences in labour productivity are significant, and during the period of 1995-2003 they widened significantly. In 1995, the average productivity of a person employed in the Mazowieckie region was higher by some 60% than that of a person working in the Lubelskie voivodship. During the next few years the difference increased to almost 80%. The major reasons for rising differences in average labour productivity in a regional breakdown are differences in structure of regional economics. While the economy of Mazowieckie region enjoys significant share of high-productivity sectors of the economy, such as market services or industry, in the Lubelskie voivodship, the share of these sectors is significantly lower. Conversely, the share of sectors with the lowest productivity, i.e. agriculture and non-market services is on of the highest in Poland, significantly influencing the level of economic development of the region.  Economic development of Polish regions in the period of 1995-2003 shows that the differences in level of development are steadily raising, however, the pace of growth has been slightly lower after 1998. Nevertheless, the situation of the more weakly developed regions will continue to improve at a slower rate than that of the more highly developed regions. Even the inflow of funds from European Union, which are to limit differences in regional development, will not help significantly in the near term, while it will be supplied at a rate too slow to decrease differences.

Market Risk Management of the Company

The issues presented in this paper deal with the problems of the Market Risk Management. Authors of the study have made an attempt do determine the impact of hedging policy on the general standing of the company and have introduced derivatives which are commonly regarded as tools of protection against risk.  One of the main thesis of that study is that the company should be aware of opportunities and threats of applying risk management policy and only hedging due to the best practices, avoiding speculation, is the best way to success.

Development process in every small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) is associated with variable demand for capital in different periods of time. Therefore, one of the essential conditions for the owner of an enterprise, who wants to improve financial management, is knowledge of factors determining level and changes in time of demand for capital. When a new size of a company becomes stable the demand for capital and its development in time depend on economic process form, its rapidity, possible production capacity use as well as production and sale changes.  From among many models illustrating functioning of small and medium-sized enterprises at different stages of their development the ones worked out by N. Churchill, V. Levis and I.. Greiner are worth considering. in the model of development presented by N. Churchill and V. Levis at respective stages of SME life-time evolution of quality features occurs. The more important role is played by such factors as: strategic planning, employees” know-how, proper delegation of duties, power and responsibility by the owner of company. According to I.. Greiner, taking into account age. size and industry branch development rate the enterprise development can be shown as subsequent alternative evolution and revolution processes. As there is necessity to consider a great number of factors, the due financial care should be taken while planning future incomes and defining demand for capital.

Differentiation of the Level of Entrepreneurship on the Example of the Chosen Land-districts in the Małopolska Province

The paper presents the issue of differentiation in the context of the level of entrepreneurship in the chosen rural areas of the Małopolska Province. The author makes an attempt to measure the levels of entrepreneurship indicating their determinants and to find the impact of the big cities on the rural communes in terms of entrepreneurship. After calculating the data, the rankings of the rural communes in three different land-districts surrounding three big cities in the Małopolska Province have been prepared. On that basis the ranking thresholds have been introduced, so as to denote the four levels of entrepreneurship.

Constrains of Development of SME Sector in Rural Areas

The aim of the paper is an attempt to describe directions and determinants of developing SME Sector under conditions of European Union (UE) integration. The integration process into EU caused new conditions of functioning the Polish national economy. One of the benefits of EU integration in the light of the Polish SME sector development is a wide access to EU market. Potential opportunities of the Polish SME sector development created by the EU membership are described as follows: increasing amount of turnover, increasing of export activity, increasing places of employment, an inflow of foreign capital, technical infrastructure development, restructuring rural and peripheral areas, and also strengthening local self-government.  Provided evaluation of SME sector strategy shows current constrains of rural SME sector development, i.e. low level of investment, worse perspectives of employment then in urban areas, domination of defensive behaviors. Consequently limited activities oriented to product and market expansion, giving preferences to no risks, and defense of gained market position. One of the main reasons of revealed constrains is low impact of local authorities on initiating and developing rural entrepreneurship and inadequate strategic planning, and also limited budget means.

The first catalogue of Polish monuments, Katalog zabytków sztuki w Polsce, was published in 1950. It was developed according to Professor Jerzy Szablowski's concept and covered the administrative district of Cracow, including the Mogiła village.  A separate catalogue devoted to the monuments of Cracow, Katalog zabytków miasta Krakowa, has been published since 1965. So far nine volumes have appeared, encompassing 189 books with many thousands of pictures. Initially, the editorial work (i.e. academic and technical editing) was done mainly by myself, later on with the help of Professor Adam Bochniak and Dr. Izabella Rejduch-Samkowa.  From the very beginning, due to the size constraints, the catalogue comprised the monuments created after 1850 and lacked colourful illustrations as well as iconographic and geographic indices.  The volumes I worked on focused on the sacred buildings, including Judaic art, of three Cracow quarters - Śródmieście, Stradom and Kleparz. The items contained therein included artistic items made until almost 20th century as well as extended descriptions in areas such as textiles and goldsmithery to ensure a better differentiation in the fields concerned.  The recently published catalogues were devoted to the quarter of Zwierzyniec, and the monuments in the Market Square, respectively. Unfortunately both these volumes, particularly the latter one, contain many errors and lack much information. Besides, the edition of the catalogue of all Polish monuments has been diminishing dramatically in the last few decades.  Last but not least, it should be noted that Katalog zabytków miasta Krakowa is the biggest publication of this kind in Europe. It needs to be thoroughly modernised since verifying the information provided by all the authors is in the long run a virtually impracticable task. The catalogue of Polish monuments, particularly those located in Cracow, serves as a basic publication for studies on the Polish art and keeps unveiling new information about monuments still unknown.

From the Past of the Polish Socialist Party (PPS) in the Province of Cracow in the Years 1945 and 1946

Formation of the PPS in the province of Cracow started in the month of January l945. In the end of the year 1945 it possessed the largest number of members of all the provincial branches in the whole country. Active members came mainly from pre-war PPS and PPS-WRN. In many parts of the province close relations were established with SL ”Roch”. Admitting some of the top members of the former PPS-WRN resulted in expansion of the party ranks together with the opposition feelings against the PPS position on the political scene. These were not hindered by the increase of UB persecutions. Due to the many members' attitude, who were reluctant to cooperate with PPR, the PPS's presence in the referendum and election campaigns was disproportionately small. A lot of socialist party members voted against the official PPS stance. PPR is to be blamed that the referendum results brought about such unfavourable consequences for the PPS relations with the communists. Personal changes within WK PPS played important role in tightening the cooperation with PPS before the parliamentary elections. Even so, there were a number of imprisonments of the socialist party members before the elections, dismissing from the polling commissions as well as deleting their names from the list of voters. ln November 1946 a recruitment campaign was launched with the aim to double the number of the party members. This aim was not achieved. However, they managed to acquire more new members than PPR. After the election PPS was by all means the most numerous organization in the province.

Migration of Poles to US and it's stages

The article „Migration of Poles to US and it's stages”, shows the problems of the Polish society, that traveled in search for work and bread to North America. Starting from 1815 and for the following one hundred years, America accepted immigrants with open hands. The migration peaked between 1900 and 1919, when close to 10 million people came to this country. Polish immigrants played a big role in creating the history and in emerging of a new country - United States of America. Its over one-hundred-year long history constitutes an object of fascination for scientific, journalistic and cultural communities. Based on the collected bibliographic materials, it can be ascertained that the literature on the history of Polish emigration to the North America is rich enough to be a basis for certain conclusions regarding this issue without the necessity of referring to the full documentation. Based on the gathered literature, the author of the article tries to analyze problems of polish immigrants, introduce it's reasons, stages and directions.

Proces niszczenia majątku szkolnego rozpoczął się wraz z okupacją hitlerowską i trwał przez cały jej okres. Wiele budynków szkolnych zostało zupełnie zniszczonych. Część uległa znacznej dewastacji i wymagała natychmiastowego remontu, a nieliczne z tych, które zachowały się w stanie względnie dobrym, zajęła ludność cywilna na mieszkania. Z chwilą wyzwolenia spod okupacji hitlerowskiej ośrodki miejskie stały się miejscem stacjonowania polskich i sowieckich oddziałów wojskowych. Budynki szkolne ze względu na swoje rozmiary często przeznaczano na koszary wojskowe bądź szpitale dla rannych żołnierzy. W następstwie tych działań w wielu miejscowościach nie było lokalu, w którym można by prowadzić zajęcia szkolne.

The Elimination of Illiteracy in Tomaszów Region between 1944 and 1953

The article presents the changes that had taken place in the structure of post war education system using as an example Tomaszów region. It explains the way in which the communist's slogan "We fight illiteracy” was used to gain support for the new ruling party. Deliberately chosen educational texts were glorifying USSR and condemning the pre-war Poland. The article presents also difficulties that regional authorities had with putting government instructions into practice. All the work undertaken was aimed on aksjological disorientation and frustration of the society.

Outline of History of Tymbark and Surrounding Villages

History of Tymbark is a typical example of many similar small towns established in southern area of Poland. As a royal town established in 1353 up till 16th century it was own and command by a Polish king. Later, till 1813, it was a headquarter of a small district. When the Tymbark properties were taken over by the Austrian authorities it was passed to private hands. In 1945 the well prospering Tymbark estate was nationalised, whereas the biggest plant - cooperative fruit and vegetables processing plant became state property.  At present commune Tymbark can be an example of best socio-economic practice.

Approach in neurology

This paper presents development of new approach in neurology. Advanced mathematics and physics created a wide point of view of neurology and neurooncology. Topological Geometro-Dynamics (TGD) by M. Pitkänen inspire theoretical investigation of brain activity, and high-tech techniques of brain imaging show a broad spectrum of explanation pathological causes.

This paper presents some results of behavioral genetic and molecular genetic studies that suggest that both genetic and nongenetic factors contribute to the development of Attention-Deficit/hyperactivity Disorder Family, twin, and adoption studies provide evidence that genes play a strong role in susceptibility to ADHD. Genome-wide scans conducted thus far are not conclusive. Candidate gene studies shown that seven candidate genes had statistically significant evidence of association with ADHD on the basis of the pooled OR across studies: DRD4, DRDS, DAT, DBH, HTRIB, S-HTT, and SNAP-25 genes.

Neuropsychological study of ADHD

This paper presents a neuropsychological study of ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder). The extensive review of the state of art and science on ADHD explain neuropsychological measures of different domains of neurophysiology and psychology - executive functioning, working memory and several cognitive control functions. This paper want to get answers to many questions regarding the validity and reliability of the diagnosis of ADHD in children and adults and regarding the proper treatment for the disorder.

Essey, information, materials

Essey, information, materials

Essey, information, materials

Review

Review

Review

Review