Polish‑English Commercial Affairs in the Years 1918–1939

The article “Polish-English Commercial Affairs in the Years 1918–1939”aims at explaining the readers economic problems between the two countries a topic so rarely dealt within Polish historiography. The main sources for this article were professional economic magazines published in Warsaw in the 1920s and 1930s.
England, in the statistics of the Second Republic of Poland, year by year has been playing a more important role as a importer of Polish goods, thus becoming for a couple of years – since 1931– the most important country, to which Polish goods were exported.
In the article, the reader will also find the texts of two Polish-English commercial treaties, signed on 26th November 1923 and 27th February 1935. Their influence on goods exchange between Warsaw and England has been analysed. A lot of space has been devoted to coal rivalry between the two countries. It started off with the English miners’ strike at the end of the year 1926 and lasted until an agreement was signed on 6th December 1934.

“Jewish Matter” in the Narrative Document from the Years of Occupation

In the archives of the National library you can find Adam Chętnik typescript titeled ‘Under German-Nazi Head-Butt of an Axe’. It consists of two parts, which altogether have 193 numbered pages. Part one was subtiteled by Chętnik: ‘Memories, Stories and Materials from the Geramn Occupation in Poland (1940–1941)’, second one: ‘Under German-Nazi Head-Butt of an Axe. Diaries, Memories, Notes. Part II (The Continuation) Warsaw… 1942–1944’. Both parts have a continuosu numberation and separate indexes with numbered with ink titeles of subsections.
The goal of the author was to preapre a general documentation of various areas of life under occupation. He is interested in matters of sociological, cultural, and relating to customs matters. Many places is dedicated to ‘the being’.

Religious Attitudes of Imprisoned People

The article “Religious Attitudes of Imprisoned People” explains in the introduction the term of attitude in an emotional and cognitive aspect, as well as the term of religion in the subject and object meaning.
The term of religion has various understandings in the literature of the subject: from the existential one of Fromm, through the life philosophy in Allport and religion as a mental condition in Maslow, to the division of religion in the modern psychology into an external, internal and personal one.
Next, there is an analysis of the term of attitude as the relation of an object to a subject, and of the influence of lifestyle and environment on the attitude. The author describes the attitudes of imprisoned people in the years 2003 and 2004, defining the role of various “senders” influencing the formation of such attitudes.
The conclusions suggest that prisoners’ characteristic attitude is a traditional one, and their religiousness is external, realized in the need for security and a social position.

A Few Remarks on the Legal Status of a Euro Deputy

The article “A Few Remarks on the Legal Status of a Euro Deputy” presents the regulations for a deputy defined in the European Parliament.
The first part deals with the guarantee institutions provided in legal acts. The areas covered by an immunity are specified here in detail, accompanied by an explanation of the purpose of a particular privilege. The explanation of immunities is enriched by examples from Polish politics and hypothetical situations of when and how a deputy can be protected, also financially.
The second part is concerned with the implementation criminal responsibility of a Euro deputy. It presents the procedure of a possible accusation of a deputy, of setting aside of an immunity, also with the support of examples.
The third part analyses specific mechanisms of regulation of the European parliamentary system, giving primacy to the OLAF institution to protect the finances of the Union. It specifies the relation of the office to fight corruption and fraud to e.g. immunities and obligation to cooperate with the parliament.

Chosen Psychological Aspects  of the Formation of a Politician’s Image

The article “Chosen Psychological Aspects of the Formation of a Politician’s Image” starts with an analysis of the image of the politicians taking part in the 2005’ election campaigns in Poland.
It points at the recent new quality of the creation of a politician’s and party image and endeavors to answer the two predominant questions of why the image does not have the expected effect and of how politicians themselves can influence the creation of their image in society.
The problem is considered from a psychological point of view, dealing with the awareness of the outside world, focusing on cognitive mechanisms, such as perception of an individual, the functioning of social schemes or imagination. The author, referring to literature of the subject, presents an analysis rich in terms and cause – effect relations.
The complexity of various perception mechanisms requires a careful selection of methods to lead to a coherent image of a politician.

The Idea of Comfort – Beginning, Development and Present Times

The movement of privatizaton as an idea of bringing prosperity did not exist in culture before. Satisfaction however always found a way to express, maybe different in type but yet some. A cause of stronger will to obtain amenities and luxury was undoubtedly connected with an evolution of life standards and a dynamic development of industrial technology. Wider range of people might then have goods bigger than basic social needs. A comfort stopped meaning only good things and persons and became a determinant of a life style and a synonym for “success” and “achievements”.

This paper presents development of comfortable interiors that created pure idea in a second half of XIX century. Passing times add their own parts to the picture of comfort, as for example practicality or individuality. The comfort is attached immanently to a people behavior, style and a fashion of existing period.

Gustaw Stressman (1878–1929) – Road to Chancelorship

Stresemann’s political activity concerning the abolition of external control over German armament, problems of Reparations, and ending of military occupation of German territories by ally forces, has to be considered as a prologue to revision of the Treaty of Versailles resolutions, including the problem of German borders. However, it is not possible to state categorically, whether Stresemann had a plan of pursuing modifications of German-Polish borderline, after he had settled the most important controversies with the West. In his eastern policy the decisive factor was economy, not politics, especially when we talk about decisions of German crediting of Russian investments. Stresemann considered it as a useful argument to press both Moscow and the West, so they acted favorably to him in cases of the Ruhr region, reduction of Germany’s Reparations payments, and admission of his country to the League of Nations.

European Structural Policy of Spain

Spain has been participating in the significant part of community funds since its accession to the EU. The structural aid which was allocated to Spain, is related to four structural funds – European Agricultural Guidance and Guarantee Fund (EAGGF), European Social Fund (ESF), European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) and Financial Instrument for Fisheries Guidance (FIFG). Since in 1993 Spain has became also the beneficiary of the Cohesion Fund.
Among all EU members, it is Spain which benefits from structural funds in the widest range, both in previous years as well as during present planning period.
In period 1989–1993 Spanish participation reached the level of 20,85 %, in next planning period increased to 22,6% and finally during the present period equals 23,5% of all structural funds.
European means obtained by Spain within the framework of structural funds and Cohesion Fund have played the role of the most important instrument which determined economic development of Spain and particular Autonomous Communities. The European aid resulted in raised economic development rate, increase of investment scale in infrastructure and, what is even more important, caused considerable unemployment reduction.

Social Capital in the Economic Area

The author discusses the role of social capital in economic life. In the first part – she introduces the idea of social capital and its six elements: participation in networks, reciprocity, trust, social norms, a sense of the “commons”, co-operation and being proactive. The author also presents economists’ opinions on the influence of social capital on economy. The last part of the paper describes the role of social capital on the labour market and its influence on innovativeness and entrepreneurship.

The Level of the Agricultural Vegetal Production in the EU

The obtainment of the synthetic measure of the level of the agricultural production development requires the employment of methods taking into considerations both, the peculiarity and problem multidimensionality. The statistical comparative multidimensional analyses may meet this expectations. The comparisons implicate the diagnosis of objects’ state, and also the relations between them. The use of quantitative methods guarantees the analysis objectivism and this allows to avoid of subjective explorer’s opinions. These methods make possible the accomplishment of the evaluation and the comparison of objects characterized with considerable number of features.
The comparative study within the agricultural sector enables: the estimation of the production effects, the desirable directions indication of the input enlarging to improve the effects, being the basis of rationalization in this area. Additionally, comparative analyses can become the basis of the homogenous groups separation with regard on essential features.
The study exemplifies an attempt at the synthetic formulation of the comparative analysis of agricultural plant production levels and their efficiency represented by crops indicators. The investigation was conducted among UE members states as well as two Candidate Countries – Bulgaria and Romania.
The study focuses on the methodology of the statistical comparative analysis within the agri-sector when a considerable number of features with different unit of measure characterize the objects.

Geographico‑Economic Regions of Podhale

The geographical region od Podhale covers nearly 2,000 km2 , i.e. 0,6 % of the total area of Poland. Within Podhale lie also the subregions of Orava (the Upper Orava) and Spisz (Spiskie Zamagurze), both being part of Hungary since colonization eve to the end of the First World War. “Podhale” as a geographical term was introduced and popularized in the prewar period by S. Leszczycki in his book entitled “Region Podhala” (1936). Its scope was that of the Nowy Targ poviat (district).
The considerable natural variety of Podhale and different history of its parts were reflected in their socio-economic and cultural development. The authors want to stress that Spisz was the province of Hungary over 6 centuries, and Orava – for 400 years. Although the language and Catholic religion were kept, ways ferent. The remaining parts of Podhale were connected with Poland, and due to economic expansion of Hungary, this perifrontier zone was managed also from the strategical point of view.
As regard the natural criteria and conditions of local societies development, Podhale is divided into 8 geographico-economic regions. These are: the Tatras, the Rocky (Skalne) Podhale, Nowy Targ Basin, Spisz, Orava, Gorce Mts., Ziemia Pienińska and Ziemia Rabczańska. Their borders are natural: these are mountain ranges, watersheds, river valleys or bogs, often with an accordance to geomorphological and geological structures.

Rustic development of the Polish Carpathians (from the early settlement until brigandage times)

The course of settlement and agricultural management processes in the Carpathian Mountains, inhabited mainly by Polish population, was analysed in the article. The history of settlement and pasturing dates back to the 9th century, although the origins of agronomic activities may be traced back to the beginning of the 4th century. Settlement is connected with location of bigger or smaller towns, whose population took part in stormy transformations brought about by wars and the following social and political movements. Growing settlement density and development of feudal production relationships instigated development of farming but at the same time led to growing social problems and conflicts. Resistance of the serfs to feudal lords assumed different forms, such as defection or brigandage, common in the present areas of Poland, Slovakia and Ukraine.

Communists’ Policy Towards Stronnictwo Demokratyczne (Democratic Party) in the Province of Cracow in the First Half of 1948

In the given period the SD (acronym for Stronnictwo Demokratyczne, Democratic Party) position on the political scene deteriorated considerably. Efforts to adapt the party to the situation did not change the negative attitude to SD on the side of lots of local PPR (Communist Party) activists. A lot of SD members were forced to join PPR. Actions of SD leaders against such moves by PPR activists were ineffective. Activities of UB (secret police) increased. SD structures had to follow communists’ guidelines and keep in close contact with PPR. Position of SD members in companies and different organizations deteriorated. The communists ordered ousting a row of activists from SD youth organization.
Among others, SD was used by PPR in their politics towards PPS (socialist party) and to control the school system. Quite often the size as well as the name list of SD share in different structures were agreed without SD representatives’ being present.

Activities of the Polish Teachers’ Union Aimed at Improving the Economic Situation of Teachers in the Lublin School District (1944–1945)

As a result of the discriminatory policies of the Nazi occupation, teachers and research workers were almost entirely deprived of material means. Thus improving their situation was a highly urgent matter.
The actions of the new government did not bring about the desired effects. Many teachers gave up their profession due to their difficult financial situation. Their salaries were barely enough to buy food, and they could not afford to buy clothing.
The Lublin region was not alone in this regard.
The Polish Teacher’ Union made an enormous contribution to the improvement of the economic situation of teachers.
This article analyses the activities that the Polish Teachers’ Union conducted with this purpose in the Lublin School District during the period directly following the reestablishment of the Union.

Zamość – Reflexions Over the Past, a Look into the Future

The article deals with the history and present day of Zamość, a Polish town founded in 1580 by Chancellor Jan Zamoyski. The author refers to the life of the town founder and his role in shaping the town and its functions as well as to the major events in the history of Zamość. A brief discussion of the town history from the 16th to the 19th century is followed by a more detailed description of the period after the First World War. The issues covered in the article include the development of the town economy and infrastructure, local political life, the period of Nazi occupation and development of the town after the war. The last section deals with the economic decline of the 1990 and resulting social problems.

Lacunarity – Fractal Measures in Neuroimaging

This paper presents research to the point of practicability of fractal measure, and particularly of lacunarity suitable for analysis and interpretation of medical images. The new approach to study measures on ensembles of contours (spline functions) in medical imaging. However the main part of this work was devoted to the fractal measures and lacunarity. Several different ways to describe and estimate these dealings were considered in aspect of neuroimaging.

Education of the Future – e‑Learning and Telemedicine

This paper presents a new trends in online education and learning management. Web Based Training – WBT, and Computer Based Training – CBT, gives new directions for future education implemented in LCMS (Learning Content Management System). The new learning methods require substantive changes in educational programs regarding pedagogy, and specific matters of actual methodology of training, learning, sharing, etc.

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