Słowo „mandat” (z łac. mandatum, tłum. zlecenie) oznacza pełnomocnictwo udzielone osobie sprawującej funkcję pochodzącą z wyboru, a także przypisane jej obowiązki. Innymi słowy przez pojęcie to należy rozumieć stosunek polityczno-prawny zachodzący między podmiotem, sprawującym funkcję z wyboru (np. posłem, senatorem), a wyborcami, obejmujący udzielone przez wyborców pełnomocnictwo do reprezentowania ich w sprawowaniu władzy państwowej.

O popytkakh carskojj vlasti sblizit  sudoproizvodstvo kochevogo naselenija  Turkestana s obshherossijjskim sudom  i zakonodatelstvom (po arkhivnym,  pravovym i inym materialam)

There are considered legal proceedings rapprochement examples of the nomadic population of Turkestan with the all-Russian court and the legislation.

This article takes up topic rarely covered in Polish economic history i.e. compensations for nationalization and pre-IIWW debts to natural and legal persons from selected countries. During the 1948–1971 period Polish Government signed 12 bilateral indemnity agreements.

Based on these agreements Polish government transferred to the governments of foreign states lump-sum compensations to satisfy the claims of entities referred to above (exceptions: Norway – mutual compensation agreement offsetting claims, France – indemnization in the form of hard coal deliveries). Selection of these countries was done based on economic interests of Poland after IIWW (e.g. perspectives of export of hard coal). Historical source material for this article is note titled “Capitalist countries claims against Poland for pre-IIWW and IIWW debts as well as claims that arose out of Polish laws affecting foreign property after liberation.” Note is dated 19th March 1954 and was addressed to the Polish Minister of Finance. Document is kept in the Central Archives of Modern Records (AAN) in Warsaw, archival collection of the Ministry of Finance, Minister’s Office file, No 2/24.

The search for salvation is an obviously important component of the quest. For many people in this essentially individualistic culture, it is a preoccupation that virtually eclipses the idea of social justice, the other central dimension of the search. At the very least, the pursuit of salva-tion offers a point of entry. Definitions of salvation are diverse and often incopmatible. In American civil religion everyone had a right to pass through the zone of abundance, and in time, it was thought, everyone would. As the goal of general abundance was approached the major social problems of discrimination, poverty, unemployment, divisive material inequalities and environmental stress would become manageable. Some people might define abundance itself as the promised land: others might move on from material satiety to new psychological and spiritual frontiers.

Convicted of dangerous (status “N”):

1) Subjective criteria. The embedded person is identified as a “N”, whose behawior at the offence, personal conditions, the type and size of the negative consequences of crime, motivations, the way of proceeding during the stay in prison, the degree of demoralization carry important social threat or serious danger to the plant.

2) Subject criteria, referring to the type of crime committed by the embedded person (crime with particular cruelty or use of firearms). The list of offenses is open.

The status “N” can also be obtained for especially reprehensible behavior during previous imprisonment. The list of offenses is closed (he was the perpetrator of rape, grievous bodily harm, or abused inmates).

In the nineteenth century the monopoly of salt industry functioned throughout the Habsburg monarchy. This monopoly acknowledged the underground salt for state ownership. Until the early 1890s the sale of salt took place on free-market principles. Recognizing the need to control the prices of salt as an important article of first necessity, Galician autonomous government decided to organize salt trade themselves. Under the agreement of 1892 with the Austrian government the sale of salt was organized by the National Department. The National Parliament had also set up a special Commission which oversaw the activities of the National Department regarding the sale of salt. The responsibility of the National Department was also to sell kainite (fertilizer salt). At the end of the nineteenth century there functioned 280 stores and 3500 agencies of salt trade under the National Board of Salt in Galicia. Therefore, domestic authorities in Galicia managed to organize the sale of salt at low prices, which was of great importance for the poverty – stricken community of the region. Despite many efforts, the attempts to obtain the right to mine salt under the control of Galician autonomous authorities’ board were unsuccessful.

Official Hans Frank, not counting indexes includes 24 volumes of diaries and 11 volumes of minutes. Entries were conducted from 24 October, 1939 to April 3, 1945. It can be a great source of historical research into the German occupation during World War II. However, using the Journal, we must not forget the conditions under which arose and how it was given character – propaganda showing the construction of a new order in the East. Also be aware that the issues were not top secret protocols.

The presence of Jews in the representations of Galician cities was both one of the results of the introduction of their equal rights, and its consolidation. Jews present in municipal governments took care about matters relevant not only for their community. They engaged in key projects directed at all citizens, regardless of faith and nationality. The voting system (due to the specific division into circles and curiae) preferred the richest and the best-educated. In consequence, the Jewish community was commonly represented in city councils by those coming from families of assimilated representatives of intelligentsia, merchants and bankers. Obviously, the greatest percentage of white-collar employees could be observed in bigger cities, being seats of courts, barrister’s chambers, notary offices, secondary schools and higher education institutions. Therefore, from that time on, their voice could be heard in the public space and had to be taken into account.

Most of the nineteenth-century historians from Cracow did not pay particular attention to Jewish residents. Cracow in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century was an economically developing city. The new investments had been taken and purchased, so that Cracow was seen as a modern and friendly city for its inhabitants.

In 1848–1914 a new model of entrepreneur was created in Galicia. Some entrepreneurs from Cracow were taking innovative actions and focusing on development. The enterprises have been transformed in such areas as the ownership, production and organization. The large group of entrepreneurs among the Cracow inhabitants constituted the Jewish population. The subject of this article is to outline the characteristics of the activities of Jewish entrepreneurs in Cracow.

During years 1944 to 1956 the communist repression apparatus has kept under surveillance every aspect of civilian life of Przeworsk’s community. There were not people, professions or business entities which could stay out of interest of. Special attention was directed to people who were connected with former Polish Armed Forces on the West and military structures which acted in occupied Poland (f. e. Homeland Army). In the area of interest communist’s security services added inhabitants of Przeworsk city who had private connections with foreigners, listened west radio broadcast or stated negative opinions about communist’s party.

Also economic problems in the Przeworsk’s nationalized industry were assessed as planned by enemies of communist system and in order to weaken socialist economy. However, analysis of the documents which were made by communist repression apparatus stated that inhabitants of Przeworsk were not connected with the alleged activity of foreigner intelligence services or harmed city nationalized industry.

This paper explores selected aspects of sustainability and organizational paradigms. In a more simple interpretation: how can we benefit from accumulated experience, even when the situation and context of operation changes? First, interpretations of paradigms are discussed, and their importance are emphasized. It is argued that paradigms, in the “Kuhn” sense, can be regarded valid in the natural sciences. Yet it is questionable whether they apply to social sciences, or in our everyday life. A discussion of ‘paradigms’ may also deal with context when little remains constant (eg.business), and when theories are contingent upon circumstances. From such a perspective a discussion concerning the existence of classical ‘paradigms’ in organizational theory is conducted, including examples of how difficult it is for some “organizational paradigms” to disappear. This outline is followed by examples of newly created paradigms that revolutionize our life. These new paradigms bring glory and fortunes to their authors; yet the same was true of paradigms that were valid decades or centuries ago. There are also “life (or personal) paradigms”, relative to small issues, which mark somewhat a shift from the world of micro-economy, to daily reality. The specific importance of these micro rules is explored based on incident related to the scholarly achievements of Professor Wiesław Grudzewski.

Despite the fact that Switzerland does not formally belong to the European Union, it has always been strongly associated with the above organization at various levels. At first, after World War II, the contact was established with considerable caution which resulted from economic and trade contacts of Swiss government with Germany and Italy maintained during the war. First international contracts were related to the economic sphere and later on expanded by addressing the sphere of social issues such as legal system, culture, charity, science and education. At present, due to bilateral agreements, Switzerland has been integrated with the European Union even more than its newest Member States, i.e. Bulgaria, Romania and Croatia, which confirms the significant flexibility of this Community as well as its great possibility to adapt to each of its Members.

According to the Swiss, the greatest obstacle preventing this country from joining the EU is the upholding principle of eternal neutrality, although the importance of which has decreased over the years, it has been deeply rooted in Swiss mentality. Moreover, another factor preventing Switzerland from joining the EU is its strong economy as Swiss membership would result in the need to pay relatively higher contributions than that of other Member States of the Community. Although the contacts between the EU and Switzerland have been significantly intensified, the prospect of membership still seems relatively remote, all the more as bilateral agreements as well as participation in the Schengen area since 2008 make both parties satisfied and for now none of them intends to seek new solutions.

Polish and Spanish way of democratisations seems to be similar; however, nowadays Spanish government has to face up to the economic crisis. The main idea of the article is to compare political systems, especially how the local government invests money in so-called tourist attractions. As well as being useless, many of those objects are too expensive to be maintained. It is worth mentioning that some Polish local governments try to implement Spanish ideas (so-called “Bilbao effect”) to their environment, which is not only risky, but also unsuccessful.

In the process of political transformation, initiated the events of the Round Table in 1989. Important place and importance is given to issues of self-government. Political science literature suggests in this regard to the fact that one of the pillars of political transformation in Poland was the transition from a monopoly of the central government to local government. Local government reform introduced by the Act of 1990 8. III. Introduced a new system of local government. Local government has become the authority of the local community and gave her the right to self-determination of its underlying decisions of political, economic and social. Breaking the monopoly of local government reform and the state Democratic Party has introduced local government model, derived from the local community and serving the public administrative functions under the permanent control of the representatives of the local community.

The article presents, in the matter of practical relationships between territorial self-government units and communal companies, theoretical grounds of the issue. Who are self-government bodies, who is representing them, and especially, what are their competences in case of founding and supervising communal companies. The author explains, how the autonomy of companies featuring the municipal property is developed, including considerations about the activity of their bodies (the assembly of the associates, the supervisory board, the executive) and their powers toward the self-government Executive (Mayor, president) and the Legislature of the municipality (Municipal Council)

Moral and legal responsibility is an inherent feature of managerial functions. In the praxeological cycle: act (decision) – effect – evaluation – responsibility – consequences, there is a range of theoretical and practical problems concerning responsibility. The responsibility of high-managers in banks seems to be of particular importance; a topic that received relatively little space in the literaturę of management. In practice, there are ethical problems concerning the level of requirements and qualifications versus salary and the level of legal and financial liability, especially against top-managers of the largest banks; often in a situation of extensive social impact of their decisions.

Innovations have absolutely fundamental importance in the creation of enterprises’ competitiveness. There are a lot of sources of innovations, both external and internal. The innovations’ sources can be formal or informal, too. First of all, research and development play an important role in the creation of new technologies and products. Moreover, knowledge workers, based on their core competences and skills, are the main creators of new solutions. Finally, the internal sources can cause the creation of relatively sustainable competitive advantage in global market.

The article is devoted to the new look at property management in the context of sustainable development trend which is a result of objective reasons taking place in the global economy, environmental requirements, social demands and the available technology. The need for a new approach to property management is dictated by the land development on Earth, for the latest 2030 forecasts assume that over 30 % of the population will be living and working in cities. This is an enormous challenge for the entire real estate market, its participants, but also for the theoreticians in the field of management science .

This project aims to improve the system of vocational safety and health training for young workers, in particular through the effective use of existing sources of explicit and hidden knowledge. The results of the project will be used by vocational schools and companies in order to increase the effectiveness of the education and development of young professionals’ pro-safe behavior in the workplace. It is projected that the results of this project will be implemented in at least 20 vocational schools educating 3,000 future employees. Within one year of project completion we may be able to improve the onset of pro-safe behaviors among young workers associated with cooperating schools.

The published document called The report of Kraków’s department of the National Land Bank in 1935 comes from the Archive of New Files in Warsaw, National Land Bank group, catalogue number 28. In the general part there are entries concerning the situation of agriculture in Kraków’s province in 1935. In the second part there is information on the subject of credit activity of Kraków’s National Land Bank department concerning short-term, medium-term and long-term credit, as well as issue credit. The published document can be helpful for the research dedicated to the history of the economics in Kraków’s province during interwar period. Information included in this document are especially valuable for the people dealing with banking and the history of agriculture.

This article presents the difficult agricultural situation in the voivodeship of Kraków in the period from 1945 to 1949 as compared to the conditions present before the World War II. It shows the general principles of how agricultural farms functioned, the way land tax was collected, the quota collected from the farmers, the fertilization conditions in the voivodeship, the crop and animal production. The article also refers to the prices of basic farming products and other products that were binding in that period.

The issue of tobacco planting and cultivation is part of the tobacco industry. The article presents the diseases of the tobacco plant in 50s of the twentieth century. One of the greatest problems related to the execution of cultivation requirements is the issue of plant protection against various diseases. The battle against the diseases of the tobacco plant was carried out in two fundamental ways. The first one included countless research initiatives, due to which it was possible to introduce new, resistant varieties of tobacco, whereas the second one focused on agrotechnical methods of combating diseases, and was based mainly on preventive measures.

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