SPIS TREŚCI

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ

Publikacja “Nowa Polityka Wschodnia” w języku angielskim, udostępnienie wersji cyfrowej w wolnym dostępie i zabezpieczenie oryginalności publikacji zgodne ze standardem COPE – zadania finansowane w ramach umowy 854/P-DUN/2018 ze środków Ministra Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego przeznaczonych na działalność upowszechniającą naukę.

“National leader” (“father of the nation”) in the European and Asian perception (on the example of the leaders of the national movement of the Crimean Tatars)

The stereotypical an “European” and an “Asian” leader, formed in the mass consciousness, does not correspond with contemporary reality. Under the phenomenon of cultural globalization, there is a merging or at times a complete integration of ideal models, including the political leader, chief, head of the state and a “Father of the Nation”. These ideal models exist both in theory and in historical practices of the European and Asian peoples and lands. Nonetheless, some distinctions are manifested between the East, referred to as the Muslim Orient, and the West, known as the Christian, strongly secularized Europe. The meaning of the notion a national leader or a national hero in Europe has a stronger ethnic component. In the West, the leader is most often recognized as an “our own” by an ethnic group. Meanwhile, in the East the leader is conceived as a head and member of a superethnic, inter-state community. In the East, a spiritual person can qualify for the role of the leader. This is unlikely to occur in the European system, where the Church and State are separated and there is a non-intervention of the clergy into politics for a long time. The Crimea has an exceptional location on the borderline of the Eastern and Western civilizations. The examples of three prominent Crimean Tatar leaders of different historical time periods demonstrate how their methods, goals and ideals change and the reasons behind their mass popularity. The three leaders are: Ismail Gasprinsky, educator of a liberal views and Panturkizm’s ideologue; Numan Chelebi Djikhan, the Tavria’s Mufty, who chose the path of revolutionary rebellion against tsarism and bolshevism; Mustafa Djemilev, an “Soviet dissident”, who became a head of Crimean Tatar people’s Kurultai and Medjlis in 1991.

Putin’s Russia and Xi’s China. The Influence of Political Leaders on Politics in Authoritarian Countries: Case Studies of Russia and China

In political science an accent on individuals (political leaders) in researching politics is neither popular nor advocated one. In authoritarian countries like Russia or China, however, political leaders and their personalities are a crucial factor in trying to understand the political processes there. Both Vladimir Putin in Russia and Xi Jinping in China have dominated their respective political systems. This, combined with good state of Russia-China relations makes it an interesting case study of the influence of political leaders on authoritarian countries. Both Putin and Xi are new type of leaders: they both follow the main ideas of political realism (though with “national differences”) and they share a 19th century outlook on the global affairs (“concert of powers”) yet they use contemporary means to fulfil these interests. Their personal understanding provides a predictability and stability: both Putin and Xi function in accordance with balance of power and respect for zones of influence concepts. That is why differences in other spheres, like Russia’s and China’s approaches to the USA do not influence the general good mood of Sino-Russian relationship.

Leadership in the Eurasian Economic Union

Paper Leadership in the Eurasian Economic Union is an attempt to analyse and discuss the subject of leadership in a given organization. The author, initially, thinks about the definition of leadership, then characterizes organization. Subsequently, there is an analysis of who may have a real impact on the shape and policy of EAEU – the structure of the union, presidents of member countries, prime ministers or also the so-called gray eminences such as Professor Dugin.

Factors confirming China’s power status

Nowadays it is no surprise to anyone that PRC is put on an equal footing with the USA. Current geopolitical situation is changing in inordinately dynamic way. The situation from a few years ago seems to be very different from what we have now. In a new, multipolar world China plays an increasing role. It has become the second world’s economy after USA. There are many reasons that contributed to the current situation and it is not possible to address all of them in one thesis. Nonetheless, the important thing is to understand the reasons why China is becoming a geopolitical power.
The aim of this work is to analyze the strong and ceaselessly increasing China’s position at the national level. Firstly, the changes that occurred in China over the past 70 years were analyzed. Analysis of the historical context helps to understand the dynamics of China’s growth as well as immense potential of this country. The next part of the work addresses the events that took place in 21st century with particular focus on 2008 crisis as well as its policy and economic implications that are noticeable in the present day. This part of the work also includes the assessment of China’s dynamic development. In this work there is also a description of China’s One Belt, One Road Initiative. Financial institutions associated with initiative as well as the opportunities for Europe connected with huge funds were described.
The work is based on the latest literature on the topic, online articles and statistics retrieved from People’s Republic of China’s official statistics website available in Chinese.
The work shows that China plays an essential role in the new balance of power. Due to dynamic changes in the global balance of power China can become a leading superpower in the nearest future.

The economic aspect of the superpower status of the People’s Republic of China, including its transformation process

The article: The economic aspect of the superpower status of the People’s Republic of China, including its transformation process focuses on the key events in Chinese economic modern history that led it to become superpower in its region and worldwide. The world order prevailing for several centuries was based on the domination of the European civilization. Nowadays, we have the opportunity to observe the birth of a new order based on the dominance of Asian civilization, in which China has a leadership position. That superpower has the greatest impact in the Asia-Pacific region. This is due to the unique features of Chinese civilization, as well as the success of the economic transformation that has been going on for almost 40 years, which can set an example for developing countries. The Chinese way to economic success is unique on a global scale. In addition to centrally planned and free market systems, there are also so-called hybrids that combine features from both systems. In the case of the People’s Republic of China, this system is defined as a socialist market economy. Under this system, state ownership still dominates, but state-owned enterprises have relative independence in operational planning. There are also companies with mixed capital and entirely based on foreign capital and the private sector is playing an increasing role. It is worth paying attention to how China created its own system, because the way it did is completely different than in the West.

The development of Chinese soft power in Central Asia – opportunities and challenges

The article presents analysis of the development of China’s soft power in Central Asia. Since 2005, China has been trying to promote Chinese language and culture in Central Asia. Institutes of Confucius began to appear in the region. There are currently 13 of them. More and more youth from this region are learning Chinese. They also go to China to study at Chinese universities. Learning Chinese language increases the prospects of professional development and employment for people from the region. However, China still has a long way to achieve a satisfactory level of promoting its culture in the region. There are accusations that Beijing wants to train the Central Asian elites in line with the Chinese model. Central Asian states are, however, particularly sensitive to their cultural heritage. Cultural independence is among the foreign policy priorities of these countries. Beijing should continue to increase efforts to create a positive image in the countries of the region. The new Silk Road is becoming an important element of diplomacy to promote Chinese soft power.

The South China Sea dispute: historical overview, discussion of problems of a political and legal nature with particular emphasis on elements of China’s foreign policy

The South China Sea is one of the key interests of Chinese foreign policy. The author of the provided article will analyse geopolitical factors, including estimation of the total value of the resources of the South China Sea, further providing the reader with information about international law regulations regarding the analysed matter, as well as presenting the current situation on the South China Sea. During the realisation of said plan, the author will try to prove the thesis that the South China Sea is of utmost importance to the Republic of China, the thesis that international law is unable to resolve disputes arising from said sea, as well as the thesis that Chinese presence is gradually increasing on the South China Sea. After proving all of the highlighted theses, the author will present the most probable political forecast, as well as opinions presented in literature regarding this matter.

Отчет с V Международного азиатского конгресса и XII Международной конференции «Направление Азии, разнообразие, диалог в связи со 100-летием независимости Польши и независимости Азербайджана», Торунь, 9–11 мая 2018 г.

SPRAWOZDANIE

REPORT

Security problems of the Far East and the Pacific – report from the 5th International Asian Congress, Toruń, May 9–11, 2018

Проблемы безопасности Дальнего Востока и Тихого океана – отчет с V Международного азиатского конгресса, Торунь, 9–11 мая 2018 г.

SPRAWOZDANIE

REPORT

Report from conference „Researching and measuring political leadership”, Warsaw, June 12, 2018

Отчет с конференции «Исследование и измерение политического лидерства», Варшава, 12 июня 2018 г.

SPRAWOZDANIE

REPORT

The Vth International Asian Congress – report, Toruń, May 9–11, 2018

Рапорт из V-ого Международного Азиатского Конгресса, Торунь 9–11 мая 2018 г.

SPRAWOZDANIE

REPORT

Attitudes of Poles towards violence in politics [book review Polacy wobec przemocy politycznej: studium typów postaw i ocen moralnych]

Отношение поляков к насилию в политике [рецензия книги Polacy wobec przemocy politycznej: studium typów postaw i ocen moralnych]

Post-Soviet area in the process of change [book review Przemiany polityczno-społeczne w przestrzeni poradzieckiej]

Постсоветское пространство в процессе перемен [рецензия книги Przemiany polityczno-społeczne w przestrzeni poradzieckiej]

The problems of the post-Soviet area were never as close as now [book review Pogranicze cywilizacji. Współczesne wyzwania Azji Centralnej i Kaukazu]

Проблемы постсоветского пространства были не такими близкими, как сейчас [рецензия книги Pogranicze cywilizacji. Współczesne wyzwania Azji Centralnej i Kaukazu]

Old and new directions of China’s policy – the way to hegemony? [book review Rozważania o kierunkach współczesnej polityki Chin]

Старые и новые направления политики Китая – путь к гегемонии? [рецензия книги Rozważania o kierunkach współczesnej polityki Chin]