SPIS TREŚCI / CONTENTS / ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ

Publikacja “Nowa Polityka Wschodnia” w języku angielskim, udostępnienie wersji cyfrowej w wolnym dostępie i zabezpieczenie oryginalności publikacji zgodne ze standardem COPE – zadania finansowane w ramach umowy 854/P-DUN/2018 ze środków Ministra Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego przeznaczonych na działalność upowszechniającą naukę.

Poland is one of the first countries to establish diplomatic relations with People’s Republic of China. Since the establishment of diplomatic ties 70 years ago, both countries have conducted close cooperation in all areas and the bilateral relations have witnessed steady development. In particular, the “One Belt, One Road” initiative, launched in 2013, got the positive responses and support from many countries, including Poland, which became an important partner for China to promote the construction of the initiative. This paper, from a historical perspective, reviews the first interaction between China and Poland in the period of Yuan Dynasty which is arranged in chronological order. The narrations mainly concentrate on accounts of the western expeditions by Genghis Khan and his descendants as well as the Battle of Legnica, during the period of which the Mongolia Empire was successively set up. Each entry will include a concrete description, highlighting where possible issues such as where the Mongolia went, why the expedition and its record are important. The paper also expounds the first record about Poland and the change of the name of Poland in Chinese literature so as to deepen the mutual understanding between two countries.

The article is devoted to the geoeconomic goals and prospects of implementing the Chinese initiative „One Belt, One Road”. The author explores the benefits, problems and future opportunities that open up to the Republic of Kazakhstan as a participant in this initiative. The analysis carried out in the article showed that there are still many problems in the implementation of the Silk Road Economic Belt (SREB) project taking into account the state program of Kazakhstan “Nurly Zhol”, and difficulties arise in the practical implementation of various cooperation areas. At the same time, Kazakhstan should be guided exclusively by its national interests in cooperation with China in the framework of the “One Belt, One Way” initiative.

Determinants of Consumer Behavior of Chinese Society in an Interdisciplinary Perspective

The article aims to show that there are determinants of consumer behavior in Chinese society that remain relevant regardless of the direction of global social changes - caused by the digital transformation of society and economy, the development of artificial intelligence and unexpected events such as pandemics. The factors influencing consumption in China undoubtedly include culture, politics, as well as macroeconomic factors influencing the level and pace of consumption development. It is worth analyzing consumer behavior using interdisciplinary knowledge and bearing in mind the complex and diverse changes taking place on a national scale, and the emergence of new terminology is a reflection of the changing specificity of consumption in China.
Awareness of the dynamics of changes in the behavior of Chinese consumers will not only facilitate business relations with Chinese contractors, but will also help determine the direction of consumption development at the global level, as the possibilities of e-commerce developing in China are also used and tested in Europe.

The Consumption of Luxury Goods in China

The consumption of luxury goods is a complex phenomenon influenced by many factors and variables. It is the result of national and global conditions. The article investigates the consumption of luxury goods in China, the demand for which is increasing each year. This is a relatively new topic and subject of research in various social sciences. The author analyses this phenomenon from the point of view of Chinese society, which has evolved and started to develop dynamically in recent years. The study discusses the concept of consumption with particular emphasis on luxury goods, and also presents some critical remarks regarding the consumption of these products. The article is a theoretical-empirical study and it is based on classical and contemporary literature on consumption, as well as selected foreign research on the issue of luxury goods consumption in China. The article has a scientific value and can also be used to analyse the demand and supply of luxury goods in Chinese society.

Selected Aspects of Chinese-French Relations in the 21st Century

The relationship of the People’s Republic of China with the French Republic was initiated in 1964 and has been constantly evolving since then. The 21st century and the changes taking place in the international system have contributed to the growth of China’s position in the international arena as a superpower, while France has been trying to maintain its dominant position in the European Union for two decades. Both countries have a lot in common and divide. The element that binds both countries together is their status in the UN Security Council, their ambivalent attitude to the superpower status of the United States, and the mutual willingness to expand economic cooperation. Among the factors that differ Beijing and Paris, there are rivalries in Africa and the approach to human rights. This does not change the fact that France is one of the main directions of China’s European policy and makes it one of Beijing’s most important political and economic partners. The international situation that both the Chinese and French governments have to face may contribute to a change in bilateral relations in the near future and the need for both sides to look for another partner in the region - in Europe through China and in Asia through France. This article aims to highlight the most important aspects of Sino-French relations in the 21st century, with particular emphasis on political and economic cooperation, especially in the context of the coronavirus pandemic. Outlining these aspects in the relations between China and France determines the construction of the article, which consists of three main parts corresponding to the relevant issues. The aim of this article is also to answer a number of research questions, such as: what were the most important controversial issues in Sino-French relations? Has the title of the most important politicians at the head of China and France influenced bilateral relations? Do relations with France’s changing relations affect the international position of the PRC? Among the research materials used in this article, Polish, English and French-language literature can be mentioned, because access to Chinese materials is extremely difficult, including their translation into other languages. A number of research methods have been used to analyze this research problem, including historical analysis and description or decision method.

The Great Missing One. India and the Belt and Road Initiative

The Chinese Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), popularly known as the New Silk Road, from the moment of initiation, arouses interest of researchers and policy makers. Due to its scale and multidimensionality, this initiative potentially may help to reconstruct or at least deeply change the world order. The bold ambitions of China create not only impresses but also concerns many countries, including the equally ambitious emerging superpower - India. The aim of the article is to analyze India’s reactions to the Chinese Belt and Road Initiative.

Transformation of the Chinese Art Market (1949-2019)

Over the past 70 years, the art market in China has achieved remarkable growth. This rapid development has brought China to the spotlight of the international art world. Initially, state-owned antique stores played a key role in acquiring works of art. It wasn’t until the 1980s that professional art galleries began to be opened, and the first auction houses did not appear until the early 1990s. The two largest auction houses: China Guardian (founded in 1993) and Poly Auctions (founded in 2005) occupy the third and fourth place in size of auction houses after Christie and Sotheby’s. Currently, Chinese art market has become the second largest in the world. Chinese paintings and works of art are the dominant selling category, and the largest group of buyers are Chinese collectors who perceive art as a way to locate their capital in the country. Due to the active acquisitions of artworks in both domestic and international art markets, Chinese art collectors have gained worldwide attention.

Globalization and communication on the internet poses challenges to sociolinguistics. China is one of the engines of economic in the world. Since the Internet service started in 1994, it has been developing rapidly. The rapid development of Internet communication in China has created huge impact on the Chinese language and society. According to Yates (1996), a new medium of communication such as the Internet not only draws upon existing linguistic practices, but also generates new forms of Chinese Internet lexicon. The rapid diffusion of the Internet has prompted developments in the variety and creativity of language use. Internet users often create new words or appropriate the meanings of existing words. The resultant “Internet language” has unique lexical and discourse features. Li (2002) and Ma (2002) confirmed that Internet lexicon has brought the tremendous impact and spread to everyday usage in Chinese society. In 2006 National Language Resources Monitoring and Research Graphic Media Center has released the first time an annual report of Inventory of Chinese Language (汉语盘点 Hanyu pandian). Since 2011 ten most popular Internet hot words have been released annually by National Language Resources Monitoring and Research Graphic Media Center. This research is aimed to discusses the emergence and use of most popular Chinese Internet vocabularies in the recent 10 years. Based on the data from National Language Resources Monitoring and Research Graphic Media Center, the most popular Chinese Internet words and phrases (2011-2019) are analyzed and summarized into twelve categories. The implication and findings of the symbolic meaning embedded in the Chinese internet lexicon are analyzed. This study sets out to examine the transformation of internet lexicon in China and to argue the equivalent relation between symbols, language and popular culture.

Новые сведения о переходах между Востоком и Западом в литературе

[рецензия книги Borders and Beyond: Orient-Occident Crossings in Literature]

Asian Economies – State, Prospects, Problems

[book review Wybrane aspekty rozwoju gospodarczego Azji]

Азиатские экономики – состояние, перспективы, проблемы

[рецензия книги Wybrane aspekty rozwoju gospodarczego Azji]

Security – a Real Goal or Mere Fantasy?

[book review Koordynacja informacji w systemie bezpieczeństwa państwa]

Безопасность – реальная цель или фантастика?

[рецензия книги Koordynacja informacji w systemie bezpieczeństwa państwa]

A Look at the History of Polish Ciphers

[book review Polskie szyfry 1919–1945 łączność – wywiad wojskowy]

Взгляд на историю польских шифров

[рецензия книги Polskie szyfry 1919–1945 łączność – wywiad wojskowy]

Lista recenzentów za 2020 rok

List of reviewers for 2020

Список рецензентов за 2020 год

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