Problems connected with professional and academic careers in the so–called post–doctoral phase: Polish and French experiences

First of all, I would like to highlight the fact that discussion about the system and mechanisms of self-development of young researchers in the post-doctoral phase in Poland has only just begun. The problem became very serious when we started to implement the guidelines of the Strategy of Bologna, which means introducing three educational stages: Bachelor’s degree (a€ er 3 years spent at the university), Master’s degree (a€ er next two years), and Doctorate degree (four years).