Irak 2018 – wybór strategiczny. Uwarunkowania i implikacje wyborów parlamentarnych w Iraku w 2018 roku
- Institution: Uniwersytet Warszawski
- Year of publication: 2018
- Source: Show
- Pages: 131-157
- DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/so2018107
- PDF: so/13/so1307.pdf
Iraq 2018 – a strategic choice. The background, implications and importance of Iraq’s parliamentary elections of 2018
The parliamentary elections of May 2018 may become a landmark for Iraq on both internal and geopolitical levels. This paper analyses internal and international preconditions of Iraqi parliamentary elections in the context of possible implications of the election results for the international position of Iraq and internal stability of the state. The international context is shaped by security situation in the region, the increased engagement of Saudi Arabia, American efforts to isolate Teheran and the internal situation in Iran as well as the growing rivalry between centers of Shia Islam in Najaf and Qom and the different models of socio- political organization they propose. In the internal dimension, the election results – while surprising for the establishment and the majority of observers – are the outcome of many variables: the systemic crisis related to the Kurdish independence referendum, the disputable position and the future role of the Popular Mobilization Units in the political system and security apparatus. The increasing social pressure may require the reform of the Iraqi political system. The results of 2018 elections – as well as the dynamics and nature of popular protests unfolding since 2015 – show that the majority of Iraqis that are engaged in this new social movement demonstrate an anti-interventionist attitude and support the integrity of the state. The widespread protests indicate that the status quo based on the sectarian quota sharing system adopted in 2005 is being questioned, as well as the common notion that religion and ethnicity are the main political motivations in the Middle East. This article aims to demonstrate that due to the co-occurrence of specific processes and phenomena in the international environment and in Iraq itself (in area of civic-awareness that has resulted in creation of a social movement), a process of political emancipation has begun that may lead to reestablishment of Iraq as a sovereign entity in international politics.
Ирак 2018 – стратегический выбор. Общая информация, последствия и важность парламентских выборов в 2018 году
Темой данной статьи является анализ внутренней и международной ситуации сопутствующей парламентским выборам в мае 2018 года в контексте возможных последствий результатов голосования для позиции Ирака на международной арене, а также для внутренней стабильности государства. Парламентские выборы в мае 2018 года могут стать переломным моментом дла Ирака как и в геополитическом, так и во внутригосударственном контексте. Международный контекст состоит из следуюшищих элементов: ситуация безопастности в регионе, увеличение уровня вмешательства Саудовской Аравии, возврат США к политике изоляции Тегерана и внутренняя ситуация в Иране, заостряющийся спор между социально-политическими моделями предлагаемыми конкурирующими центрами шиизма в Наджафе и в Куме. Внутренних факторов, которые повлияли на неожиданные для политического истеблишмента результаты выборов, было достачно много: системный кризис связанный с Референдумом о независимости Иракского Курдистана, спорная легитимизация Сил народной мобилизации (Хашд шааби) и их будущая роль в структурах безопастности. Нарастающее обще ственное давление может означать необходимость, а также шанс для проведения политических реформ. Результаты выборов 2018 года так же, как динамика и характер протестов продолжающихся с 2015 года, свидетельствуют о том, что участвующие в зарождающемся общественном движении Иракцы в большинстве своём являются приверженцами интегральности государства и выступают против внешнего вмешательства в политику их страны. Протестующие не согласны со сложившимся в 2005 году статускво касающимся разделения мест между различными этнорелигиозными группами (араб. muhasasa ta’ifija). Они оспаривают религиозность и этничость как главные компоненты политической мотивации на Ближнем Востоке. Целем данной статьи является попытка доказать, что параллельно с изменениями в международной среде, а также внутри самого Ирака (в аспекте развития общественного сознания, потверждением чего являются зарождающиеся общественные движения) зародился процесс политической эмансипации, которая имеет шанс вернуть суверенность Ирака как госу-дарства на международной арене.
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Iraq parliamentary elections Muqtada al-Sadr the anti-system protests Ирак