Spis Treści
- Year of publication: 2012
- Source: Show
- Pages: 3-5
- DOI Address: -
- PDF: siip/11/siip11toc.pdf
The Presence of the Soviet Army in Germany in 1989–1994 as a Problem of German’s Sovereignty
The aim of the article is the presentation of the problem of the presence of the Soviet army in Germany from the GDR’s collapse until its withdrawal in August, 1994. The withdrawal of the Soviet/Russian soldiers was one of the most important objective of German government’s policy. The government was afraid of an unstable situation in the Soviet Union and then in Russia. The author presents the main treaties that were the basis of the withdrawal, and describes the main problems connected with it. After having finished this process Germans regain the sense of full sovereignty.
Western European Union – a Success or a Failure
The paper is an attempt to summarise the history of the Western European Union which was dissolved in 2010 from a different perspective that was applied to this organisation so far: without focusing on lofty declarations, so frequent in its development, but looking at the actually accepted legal acts and actually completed actions in Europe. This offers an insight into the European defence integration process as a functional element of a broader process and not an independent global-arena project. This context allows a more moderate assessment of achievement of WEU, perceived often as an entirely unsuccessful organisation. The approach I propose the Western European Union is a self-limiting organisation which acts only as a supplementation of greater and more significant projects, but an organisation which in effect achieved its objective as defined by interests of its member states.
The Influence of Realism and Neoconservatism on U.S. Nuclear Policy after the End of the Cold War
The article describes the role of two major idea sets in U.S. nuclear policy-making after the end of the Cold War. The analysis discusses briefly key points of the ongoing debate in international relations. According to realists, accumulation of military power is the only rational choice for states given the anarchic nature of international system. Since Russia and her arsenal are still viewed as an existential threat to America, Cold War conception of strategic stability must be maintained. U.S. nuclear forces are perceived as an insurance against reemerging of hostile relations with Moscow. Preoccupation with the Russian threat is also the feature of neoconservative movement that shaped American policy since 2001. Apart from deterring Russia, this idea considers it necessary to prepare American arsenal to challenge regional adversaries, especially the so-called rogue states. This leads to transformation of U.S. nuclear policy towards capabilities-based planning emphasizing new missions for nuclear weapons and their overall greater importance.
A Cartel Party System in Poland?
This paper concentrates on the Polish party system and the concept of cartel party. Its purpose is, on the one hand, to estimate the degree of dependency between the Polish parties and the state and, on the other hand, to analyse the development of the Polish parties in the light of the concept of cartel party. The author argues that the Polish party system is too unstable to recognize the emergence of a cartel. The author also maintains that the Polish parties have adjusted the structure of the state to suit their own needs. They have also accepted the fact that only the presently ruling parties can derive benefits from administration. Whereas the remaining parties, having secured their own financing from the state Budget (having secured their survival), can only wait to gain a chance of takeover. This article focuses on describing the establishment of the concept of cartel party and it also analyses this concept in the light of the following aspects: the political parties’ public financing system, the Polish electoral system (described along with the changes in the parliamentary electoral law introduced by political parties), and last but not least, the extent of political patronage.
Specific Features of Organizational Leadership – Pattern for the Political Leaders
The article presents the brief characteristics and assessment of the organizational leadership. Special attention was paid to those features of the organizational leadership which should also possess the political leaders. At present neither the charisma nor an exceptional knowledge and skills determine the success of the organizational leader. The same holds true as regards the political leaders who should rather possess the ability of choosing the so called “lesser evil” and should act flexibly and adapt their style of leadership to a given situation. However both organizational and political leaders are praised or blamed for their courage and ability to make the unpopular decisions, assuming that they are the right decisions in a given moment and situation. Therefore it seems that the efficiency of management in the case of organizational leader and the effectiveness of governance in the case of political leader are the most important measures of their competences as the leaders of a given organization or state. It should also be beared in mind that the right decisions made in a given situation are the best indicator of his or her ability as the organizational of political leader.
The Concept of Sustainable Development in the State Policies
The concept of sustainable development has become a leitmotif of many international and national policy documents concerning both environmental and socioeconomic development. Due to the fact that the sustainable development (in current sense) concerns not only the protection of the environment (ie environmental issues), but also - and above all issues related to socio-economic development and quality of human life, the article refers primarily to political documents, in which (sustainability – sustainable development) has been saved as a new paradigm of development and its legal citation. Referring to the concept of sustainable development, which is clearly anthropocentric as opposed to sustainability, which is a biocentric concept,it should be noted that both of these approaches include a reference to the associated environmental protection. While the sustainability of all the activities of man surrenders the good of the environment, the sustainable development is primarily aimed at achieving and maintaining the quality of human life.
Agenda-Setting – Unconfirmed Theory or Real Phenomenon?
Each day the media filters information, making a set hierarchy of importance. Media agenda has a great influence on the point of view of most of the viewers who get most of their world knowledge from mass media. This phenomenon is called the agenda-setting process or the day-order theory. Research on this subject on a wild scale was conducted by two professors, Maxwell McCombs and Donald Show. As a result of those experiments the researchers reached the conclusion that the media has an influence on what we are supposed to think. A great role in setting the media agenda play gatekeepers – journalists who decide what information are crucial for society. After al it is them who political parties and advocacy groups are trying to reach making pseudo-events. As a result of further analysis attention was pointed to the second level of agenda-setting which infers to the features and properties of specific messages. Receiving them from the media, we create certain images in our minds. Despite many years of research the agenda-setting theory is still a big riddle and requires further consideration. Many of its aspects pose a challenge to future communicology.
The Model of Local Economy According to the Concept of Political Opposition in Communist Polish Republic
The political opposition in Communist Polish Republic concentrated a lot of attention in magazines published in “second” circulation on economic issues. Mainly they were wondering how to change the disadvantageous economic situation of our country in 1980s. One of their more representative idea in this period of time concerned the model of local economy. The most important role in this model belonged to trade unions, which would have the real independent character. According to their concept the economic system of country would opt out of the government so the rule over enterprises would be given to the workers and this way it would create the “social enterprises”. The workers’ council would take care of workers’ business and also would choose the director who would be responsible to the workers’ council. Some part of polish opposition believed that keeping the economy under workers’ control would bring the chance of political changes in Communist Polish Republic.
Jacek Kuroń – Utopian Visionary or Founder of Real Political Programs?
Jacek Kuroń was a politician, who has found his permanent place in collective memory of polish nation. He cannot be forgotten in the reflection on the transformation that took place in Poland in XX and XXI century. He was an author of his own political program. Under the influence his own reflection and observations of the changing social and political conditions, his program was evaluating, but it remained coherent in the meaning of main values The main influence on Kuroń’s political program had the changing social conditions, but its base was Kuroń’s ideological beliefs. Kuroń – for all his life – considered himself as a man of the left. In the system of Kuroń’s ethical and humanistic values, the main was human being – living and functioning in the society. Kuroń as an author of political program considered his work not only in the categories of political visions, but he treated it as a realization of some kind of ethos. He used to treat the politic as a space of giving a testimony of values and political attitudes, connected to the term of the left, he believed in. For all his life Kuroń was looking for such concepts, that would let him to its full implication.
The Activities of “Solidarność” during the ‘Carnival’ and the State of Martial Law under the Spanish Press
The following work showcases the reactions of the Spanish press to the actions of “Solidarity” in the years 1980–1983. The principal aim of this article is to depict the polish socio-political scene as seen from the perspective of the Spanish journalists. The young Spanish democracy, with its free press, was confronted with the actions of the Independent Unions which later gave birth to NSZZ “Solidarity”. Therefore, the key issue in this work is the influence of the emerging democratic awareness of the Spanish correspondents on the way the social changes in Poland, a country whose road to democracy may seem similar, were perceived. However, emerging from the scale of both transformations were some major differences that largely influenced the attitude of the Spanish press towards the situation in Poland. The importance of the “Solidarity” actions in the world’s geopolitical context is the subject of the following analysis. This article quotes the most popular newspapers from that time, such as La Vanguardia, El Pais and ABC.
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