- Author:
Tomasz Matras
- E-mail:
tomaszmatas.uniwroc@gmail.com
- Institution:
Uniwersytet Wrocławski
- ORCID:
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4136-2038
- Year of publication:
2019
- Source:
Show
- Pages:
7-22
- DOI Address:
https://doi.org/10.15804/so2019101
- PDF:
so/15/so1501.pdf
Summer Olympic Games in Beijing in the context of selected scientific theories
Summer Olympic Games is, apart from football world cup, the most popular sports event. It is widely believed that it is something more than just sports event. It can be analysed from economic, marketing or political perspective. It is an opportunity to present country’s own culture, technology and history. However, there is also some kind of threat associated with such events. Organization of such events is not possible without involvement of public sector and political bodies. It creates specific relationship in which sport affects functioning of the state in some areas and state may use Olympic Games for its own particularistic interests. Such relationship occurred also in the case of 29th Summer Olympic Games in Beijing that took place between 8.08.2008 and 24.08.2008.
This article shows how China tried to use the olympic games to achieve political goals. Additionally, it was verified to what extent the organization of the event influenced the change of perception of China to international arena, civil liberties and the consolidation of society around the political bodies. The considerations were based on several scientific theories defining the role of sport in image building countries – presented by Barrie Houlihan, Joshua Goldstein, Walter Maening and Maurice Roche.
- Author:
Ewa Radomska
- E-mail:
ewa.radomska@up.krakow.pl
- Institution:
Uniwersytet Pedagogiczny im. Komisji Edukacji Narodowej w Krakowie
- ORCID:
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9503-534X
- Year of publication:
2022
- Source:
Show
- Pages:
108-128
- DOI Address:
https://doi.org/10.15804/npw20223207
- PDF:
npw/32/npw3207.pdf
Institutional and legal conditions for the development of social enterprises in China: the national provisions and the local pilot schemes
The aim of the article is to assess the institutional and legal conditions for the development of social enterprises in China by analyzing the current national provisions, indirectly relating to these entities, the local pilot schemes and the accreditation systems of social enterprises operating within them, as well as to formulate recommendations to decisionmakers concerning further necessary measures for the development of social enterprises. The analysis carried out has drawn several key conclusions. China is at an early stage in the implementation of institutional and legal solutions which are important for the development of social enterprises. There are no national laws and policies regulating the status and functioning of these entities. The national provisions on non profit law and company law relate indirectly to social enterprises. A complementary set of rules is needed to take account of the hybrid organisational form of social enterprises. In addition, a comprehensive assessment of the existing institutional and legal arrangements implemented under local pilot schemes (in Chengdu, Shunde-Foshan, Shenzhen, Beijing) is needed. They provide the basis for national legislation and policies relating to social enterprises. Insufficient understanding of the concept and the importance of social entrepreneurship by decision-makers at the government level can be considered problematic.