In the history of the European Union, there are three main crises: financial crisis, the so-called refugee crisis, and the recent coronavirus pandemic. Since the financial crisis, the process of modern democracies taking over the characteristics of non-democratic regimes has become noticeable, and subsequent crises are only exacerbating it. A useful theoretical category for explaining this phenomenon is the category of militant democracy, which was first used by Karl Loewenstein, who applied it to the Weimar Republic. The article aims to present in general how successive crises have contributed to accelerating the militant process by the EU Member States.

The European debate on the refugee crisis and the related actions of the European Union has been an important part of the political communication undertaken by policy-makers in the EU countries. Thus, it seems essential to ask the question about the opinions of the most important Polish politicians regarding the causes and ways of managing the refugee crisis, but also about their stance regarding refugees coming from other cultures, and consequently whether they were in agreement on accepting refugees. Also, whether the opinions they expressed were likely to influence Polish society, and whether the problem of the refugee crisis was used for ad hoc political purposes, including in the election campaign.

Anthropologically sensitive literature towards a childhood threatened by war and the migration crisis. An example of a book series “Adult Wars – Children’s Stories”

The aim of the series of books „Wojny dorosłych – historie dzieci [Adult Wars – Children’s Stories]” (https://wydawnictwoliteratura.pl/?s= wojny&post_type=product) is to present to the contemporary child, in a linguistically and emotionally accessible form, the fates of peers during wars. In the books of the series, the participant and witness of tragic events is a child. From their perspective, one can learn about the dramatic reality of war. I define the analyzed literature as: engaged literature, „anthropologically sensitive literature” and literature conducive to „cultural sensitization”. The article is of theoretical nature. As a research method, qualitative content analysis is used in order to show the uniqueness of the idea behind the entire series. Additionally, the phenomenological method is used as well. My aim was to find answers to the following research problems: How can reading selected parts of the series increase cultural sensitivity and support the process of intercultural education? What values can you discuss with children when working with the series?