Despite the fact that Switzerland does not formally belong to the European Union, it has always been strongly associated with the above organization at various levels. At first, after World War II, the contact was established with considerable caution which resulted from economic and trade contacts of Swiss government with Germany and Italy maintained during the war. First international contracts were related to the economic sphere and later on expanded by addressing the sphere of social issues such as legal system, culture, charity, science and education. At present, due to bilateral agreements, Switzerland has been integrated with the European Union even more than its newest Member States, i.e. Bulgaria, Romania and Croatia, which confirms the significant flexibility of this Community as well as its great possibility to adapt to each of its Members.

According to the Swiss, the greatest obstacle preventing this country from joining the EU is the upholding principle of eternal neutrality, although the importance of which has decreased over the years, it has been deeply rooted in Swiss mentality. Moreover, another factor preventing Switzerland from joining the EU is its strong economy as Swiss membership would result in the need to pay relatively higher contributions than that of other Member States of the Community. Although the contacts between the EU and Switzerland have been significantly intensified, the prospect of membership still seems relatively remote, all the more as bilateral agreements as well as participation in the Schengen area since 2008 make both parties satisfied and for now none of them intends to seek new solutions.

The significance of multilateral treaties in the history of Europe

The article discusses the importance of issues of multilateral treaties in the history of Europe since 1945. It is when a large number of international organi­zations were launched, including those that were regional like European Com­munities/European Union. The author tackles the issues of multilateral agree­ments between countries and international organizations and the European Union, that have been grouped according to scope. Verification of the scientist problem resulted finding that multilateral treaties are undeniable urge to reg­ulate new areas of relationships, but they do not replace the bilateral relations between the countries. Evidenced by the increase in the number of bilateral agreements together with the increasing number of multilateral agreements.

This paper uses the case of Kyrgyz Republic to analyze two competing views concerning the role of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). The realist view claims that the EAEU is a tool of Russian hegemonic power over its region of infl uence and interprets is as a primarily political rather than economic organization designed to serve Russia’s national interests at the expense of those of other members. The liberal institutionalist view, on the other hand, sees the EAEU as a new regional organization of economic integration that is benefi cial for all members. Analyzing the case of the participation of the Kyrgyz Republic in this union makes it clear that it is still too early to determine which perspective is correct as there is evidence in support of both.

The cooperation of Azerbaijan with international and foreign organizations on the path of global integration

The article reveals activity of Azerbaijan in enlarging of relations with BSEC, Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), GUAM, ECO, OIC, International Agencies of UN for applying economical, technical, humanitarian projects. The author refers to the fact that Azerbaijan’s participation in the work of international and regional organizations and cooperation in the implementation of integration programs is to bridge positions and amplifies participating countries of these organizations in the development of democracy, security and cooperation in the world.

Modern Tendencies of Professional Training of Aviation Personnel of Civil Aviation in the Leading Countries of the World

Scientific research is devoted to consideration of the concept of foreign experience of preparation of aviation personnel in aviation countries in the world. The relevance of the article is conditioned by world trends that are related to the fact that aviation becomes a major element in the development of many states. Accordingly, the appeal to problems arising within the framework of labor relations in the field of aviation is one of the significant components of the analysis. State regulation of aviation activity is aimed at guaranteeing the safety of aviation, ensuring the interests of the state, national security and the prevention of acts of illegal interference in civil aviation. The study of foreign experience in the preparation of aviation staffin aviation countries will provide a scientific study of promising areas for the development of education in the aviation industry in Ukraine, taking into account the existing experience in the field of aviation construction and operation of aircraft, deploy persistent activity to enhance aviation and professional orientation of aviation preparation. In this regard, out state is in dire need of creative use of innovation in the field of legal regulation of the preparation of aviation personnel in the world-recognized leaders of the economy and education in the field of aviation, transition to the way to improve the existing legal system of aircrafttraining in order to ensure high levels of education and professionalism of graduates, their general, aviation and professional culture, creation of a further basis for motivated, permanent increase in education, qualified skills of aviation specialists, their permanent professional growth and confident creative self-realization. Taking into account a high requirement in the presence of highly skilled aviation personnel at the modern market of labour in the process of eurointegration of Ukrainian society, it is necessary to connect present long-term experience of functioning of domestic school from training of aviation staffin Ukraine with the oversea systems of preparation of aviation personnel of some leading aviation countries of the world, such as France, Italy, Large Britain, USA.

Prawa i obowiązki państwa członkowskiego organizacji międzynarodowej – artykuł 90 Konstytucji RP

Artykuł 90 Konstytucji Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej (ustawy zasadniczej) jest zdefiniowany nie tylko w orzecznictwie, ale również i w doktrynie, jako podstawa prawna przystąpienia państwa członkowskiego (m.in. Polski) do organizacji międzynarodowej. Udział ten związany jest przede wszystkim z uprawnieniami członkowskimi, ale także z obowiązkami. Wśród tych pierwszych należy wskazać po pierwsze czerpanie korzyści z członkostwa w organizacji międzynarodowej, po drugie wykonywanie wszystkich statutowych i zwyczajowych uprawnień członkowskich, czy też udział w procesie podejmowania decyzji. Natomiast do obowiązków członkowskich należy zaliczyć po pierwsze wykonywanie zobowiązań statutowych, wspieranie organizacji międzynarodowej w realizacji celów i funkcji organizacyjnych, czy też solidarność z organizacją oraz jej państwami członkowskimi.

The article describes the role of multilateral development banks in financing economic and social changes in the world. The structure, directions and priorities of these international organizations and the process of selection of projects they finance have been analyzed. Individual features of these organizations have also been characterized. The data for analysis are mostly official information published by Multilateral Development Banks (in reports or websites) as well as analyses prepared by independent institutions (e.g., the Word Bank, or NGOs). The paper is trying to answer the question whether Multilateral Development Banks are international organizations driven by the desire to help by supporting investments, or whether it is more important for them to generate economic profit and strengthen their international position.

The role and importance of the international legal solutions to global processes

Growing international inter dependencies, weakening of internal and external sovereignty of the state and necessity of joint overcoming of problems and global threats reveals the necessity of creating new rules of global order, based not only on nation states, but also on growing number of international organizations and institutions, regional groupings, communities and local organizations. The globalization of political life fosters rise of number of institutions, organizations and international groupings and development of international law. The cooperation between them should respect the rules of equality, freedom, democracy, partnership, solidarity, respect for cultural diversity and environmental protection.

The article examines the concept and legal aspects of creating a special international tribunal regarding the crime of the Russian Federation against Ukraine. Although this research topic first emerged after the events of 2014 related to the aggressive actions of the Russian Federation against Ukraine and the annexation of Crimea, scientific interest in the study of this problem increased after the criminal full-scale invasion of Russia on the territory of the sovereign state of Ukraine. The author considers the evolution of creation of select military tribunals, the specifics of their activities, and the established practice of prosecuting the crimes of aggression. Additionally, the analysis focuses on statements regarding the idea of creating a special international tribunal for the Russian Federation for crimes of aggression against Ukraine. It is substantiated that the highest form of international justice in the modern world is a tribunal, as it provides for a public and inevitable punishment and it acts as one of the elements guaranteeing the inviolability of the international legal order at the same time. The creation of a special tribunal for the Russian Federation will be the impetus for new approaches to expand the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court so that it can prosecute acts of aggression, and Ukraine will serve as an example for responding to aggression. The author determined, the establishment of an international tribunal for the first time is a complex process because it is often necessary to find new and completely original solutions to many legal and practical problems facing the tribunal. Moreover, the sum total of these decisions should provide the basis for a reasonable and universally applicable jurisdiction for future generations, at the same time allowing the tribunal to take into account the social, cultural and historical context of the conflict in question and to reflect this context to some extent in its decisions and practice.