- Author:
Agnieszka Galczak-Froch
- Year of publication:
2013
- Source:
Show
- Pages:
156-170
- DOI Address:
http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/ksm201312
- PDF:
ksm/18/ksm201312.pdf
Problems with the systematizing the internal stratification of peasantry
Sources of research and subject literature do not give a clear picture of differentiation of the peasantry in terms of financial status. The problem concerns both the amount of property owned by them (land and livestock) and place in the hierarchy. This fact is very much difficult, sometimes even impossible to study the layers of peasant and any generalizations about it. It seems that the only possible way to study the most populous state in the Republic is to track individual fates of individual units that make it possible not precise enough to qualify for the category of the peasantry, but observe the changes taking place in the financial status over time and associated with the action taken.
- Author:
Roman Jurkowski
- E-mail:
roman.jurkowski@uwm.edu.pl
- Institution:
UWM Olsztyn
- ORCID:
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3424-0307
- Year of publication:
2024
- Source:
Show
- Pages:
167-186
- DOI Address:
https://doi.org/10.15804/hso240406
- PDF:
hso/43/hso4306.pdf
- License:
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the CreativeCommons Attribution license CC BY-NC-ND 4.0.
The Minsk Agricultural Society as an organizer of food aid for the rural population in 1907–1908
A crop failure in the Minsk governorate in 1906 caused famine in the districts of Barysaw, Mazyr, Pinsk, Rechytsa, and Slutsk. The article presents a little-known fragment of the history of the Minsk Agricultural Society from 1907–1908, when Polish landowners organized food aid for starving peasants. It was their own initiative, non-commercial, philanthropic, and independent from the state authorities. The landowners bought over 950 tons of rye in southern Russia and Siberia with their own money, transported it to the Minsk governorate and sold it to the peasants at purchase prices. For this purpose, they had to organize special committees dealing with the distribution of rye in the districts. The grain they supplied was cheaper and of better quality than grain imported by state institutions (zemstvo), therefore the peasants preferred to buy rye from the landowners’ committees. The food aid for peasants showed how well Polish landowners were organised and how effective this type of activity was.
- Author:
Lech Wyszczelski
- E-mail:
lech.wyszczelski1942@gmail.com
- Institution:
profesor emerytowany Akademii Obrony Narodowej w Warszawie i Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczo-Humanistycznego w Siedlcach
- ORCID:
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2063-4281
- Year of publication:
2024
- Source:
Show
- Pages:
70–81
- DOI Address:
https://doi.org/10.15804/CPLS.2024306
- PDF:
cpls/11/cpls1106.pdf
Visions of external and internal security in the political thought of peasant parties in the Second Polish Republic
Polish political thought of the interwar period basically focused on the achievements of two political camps: the right-wing one centered around National Democracy and its leader Roman Dmowski, and the Belvedere camp led by Jozef Pilsudski. The other political currents, except for the extremes, presented less comprehensive concepts of state and regional security, and both external and internal security. All serious political currents, excluding the extreme and nationalist ones, were united by the desire to fight for Poland’s national security. The unfavorable geopolitical position of the country and the threat coming from the two strongest neighbors (Germany, the USSR) were demonstrated. High hopes were attached to the idea of collective security, in particular, the activities of the League of Nations or regional agreements. The dangers to Poland’s internal security arising from the nationality structure of society (about one-third are national minorities and a large part of them living in compact clusters), social differentiation, including material poverty (the influence of extreme ideologies), district differences (the effect of partitions), and political divisions, were seen as great for Poland’s internal security.