This paper presents the senatus consultum ultimum, i.e., the final resolution of the senate passed in moments of extraordinary danger to the Roman Republic. We answer the question what was the legitimacy of such resolutions and indicate their rationale and the effects of their issuance. Senatus consultum ultimum was the most powerful weapon of the Roman senate in the fight against internal political enemies in the late republic, so it needs to be clarified whether the SCU was a legitimate measure to protect the state or it cared only for the political self-determination of the senate and the optimates.

States of Emergency in the Constitution of Hungary of 2011 and the Practice of Their Application

After Viktor Orbán came to power, a new constitution of Hungary was adopted in 2011, which includes a separate section devoted to the states of emergency. In this time a constitutional state of danger was introduced in Hungary in the face of the covid-19 pandemic in 2020 and the war in Ukraine in 2022, and in the case of the migration crisis in 2015, a state of crisis was introduced regulated by law. The aim of the article is to present the types of states of emergency in Hungary and the practice of their application during the rule of the Fidesz party based on the analysis of legal acts regulating the issue of extraordinary measures. The main thesis assumes that the government of Orbán used the extraordinary situation in the country not only to fight the threat, but also to strengthen its already strong position in the Hungarian political system.

School education in danger? The Polish and Lithuanian perspective of changes and the situation of school in Lithuania. A study of one event

Representatives of every minority want their rights to be respected in the state in which they live and of which they are citizens. The problems related to education for national minorities are among the most complicated and arguable. Political controversies and disputes in magazine columns do not always translate into good relations in the culturally diverse environment. The text is aimed to present the situation related to the conflict in one of the schools in Lithuania, which began (as a kind of prelude) at the end of 2021 and developed in 2022. Our assumption was to analyze the described situation from three perspectives presented in: the Polish press in the context of some actions taken by the government and their effects, as well as the way of describing them; an analogical presentation of the Lithuanian perspective and the stakeholders themselves (including the headmaster of the school where the described situation took place). For a better understanding of the context of the described analyses, the text begins with a brief description of the current legal status, the educational network and its scope.