The role of Pan-Turkism in Russian-Turkish relations

The term Pan-Turkism refers to an intellectual and political movement advocating the union of all Turkic people. Pan-Turkism emerged among Tatars intellectuals in Tsarist Russia. In Tsarist Russia Pan-Turkism was in a part response to the development Pan-Slavism. At the beginning of twenty-first century Pan-Turkism became popular among the members of Committee of Union and Progress in the Ottoman Empire. After the Young Turks Revolution Pan-Turkism become a main political idea in the Ottoman state. The rise of a PAN-TURKISM as political movement is a phenomenon of the 19th and the 20th century. In this article author argues that the Pan-Turkism ideology still can be used by contemporary Turkey authority against Russia. Calling for a political unity and solidarity among Turkic groups can be a serious threat for Russian authority. The collapse of Soviet Union and the emergence of new Turkish states gave fresh hope many Pan-Turkists in Turkey, Caucasus and Central Asia. The annexation of Crimea, war in Syria and shooting down Russian aircraft by the Turkish army made hostile the Turkish-Russian relations.

The pre-Messianistic nature of the song God save Poland

The song God Save Poland holds extraordinary significance for Polish culture and the development of national consciousness during the Romantic period. Written in the early 19th century, shortly after the establishment of the Congress Kingdom of Poland. It was a time filled with hope but later revealed to be marked by misplaced faith in the sincerity of Tsar Alexander I. Its lyrics evolved in response to shifting political realities and social tensions. The history of the song, its controversial context of creation and the strong ideas of Romanticism (Messianism and Pan-Slavism) hidden in it and foreshadowing the future make this work once again deserve some study. My goal was to uncover these hidden concepts and to examine the hypothesis that the anthem possesses a pre-Messianic character. The providential tone of the piece aligns with the decline of Enlightenment thinking and the crisis of deism, which created space for new inquiries into fundamental questions: Why did Poland lose its independence, and how might it be regained?